Контрольная работа №2 Вариант 1

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 3, 4.

Corporation

1. A corporation is a business organization authorized by the state to conduct business and is a separate legal entity from its owners. It is the dominant form of American business because it makes it possible to gather large amounts of capital together. 2. Before a corporation may do business, it must apply for and receive a charter from the state. The state must approve the articles of incorporation, which describe the basic purpose and structure of the proposed corporation. 3. The stockholders usually meet once a year to elect directors and to carry on other important business. Each share of stock entitles its owner to one vote. A stock holder who cannot attend the meeting can legally authorize another to vote his or her shares by proxy. 4. Management of a corporation consists of the board of directors who decide corporate policy, and the officers, who carry on the daily operations. The board is elected by the stockholders, and the officers are appointed by the board. 5. Some specific duties of the board of directors are to declare dividends, authorize contracts, decide on executive salaries, and arrange major loans with banks. Management's main means of reporting the corporations financial position and results of operations is its annual report. 6. The corporation form of business has several advantages over the sole proprietorship and partnership. It is a separate legal entity and offers limited liability to the owners, ease of capital generation and ease of transfer of ownership. In addition, it allows centralized authority, responsibility and*professional management. 7. The corporation form of business also has several disadvantages. It is subject to greater government regulation and double taxation. In addition, separation of ownership and control may allow management to make harmful decisions.

II Ответьте на вопросы: 1. Why is a corporation the dominant form of American business? 2. How often do the stockholders usually meet? 3. What does management of a corporation consist of? 4. What can a stockholder do if he cannot attend the meeting? 5. What advantages has the corporate form of business?

III. Найдите в тексте термин stock и уточните его значение в данном тексте.

IV. Вместо пропуска вставьте подходящее слово:

1. A corporation is the board of

dominant form of American directors

… stockholders

2. Management of a business

corporation consists of the disadvantages

advantages

3. The board of directors is elected by the ...

4. The corporation form of business has several ... over the sole proprietorship.

5. The corporate form of business also has several …..

V. Найдите в тексте производные от следующих слов:to elect, to own, to manage, to add.

Контрольная работа №2 Вариант 2

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 3.

Unctad VII and After

1. The world economy in the 1980s has been characterized by a low-down in growth of demand and output, cojjipared with the preceding two decades, generally lower rates or inflation, difficul­ties in many countries in adapting to structural changes, a mount­ing stock of debt, high real interest rates, high and increasing lev­els of protection, commodity prices depressed to their lowest level in 50 years, terms-of-trade losses sustained by commodity export­ing countries, and a generally insecure economic environment in which millions of people still lack the basic conditions for a decent life.

2. In this difficult global economic situation, there has been a diversity of socio-economic experiences. Developed market- economy countries have succeeded in curbing inflation and in maintaining steady, though slow, growth, but unemployment lev­els are still high and external payments imbalances remain exces­sive in some of these countries. On account of their dominant share in world trade, the impact of their slow growth has been transmitted to other countries which had to reckon with it as a sig­nificant factor in policy formulation. Growth has slowed also in countries of Eastern Europe.

3. Most developing countries had to retrench; they have been unable to consolidate and build upon the economic and social pro­gress which they had achieved during the two preceding decades. In the 1980s, the average per capital income of the developing

* UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop­ment - Конференция ООН по торговле и развитию, ЮНКТ АД.

countries as a whole fell further behind that of the developed countries. Indeed, per capita incomes declined in most countries in Latin America and in sub-Saharan Africa. Nevertheless, a number of more industrialized export-led economies of East Asia, and the larger Asian low-income economics, have continued to grow.

II. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What were the main tendencies in the world economy in the 1980s?

2. What did developed market economy countries succeed in?

3. Who had the dominant share in world trade?

4. Did the average per capita income of the developing coun-tries fall further behind that of the developed countries?

5. What was the situation like in more industrialized export-led economies of East Asia?

III. Найдите в тексте слово demand и уточните его значение.

IV. Вместо пропусков вставьте подходящее слово: rate, level, incomes, debt, share

1. The external... of many developing countries level

is growing.

2. The ... of developing countries in world trade is still not very great.