- •37) Regional cooperation on human rights issues.
- •51) International cooperation in the sphere of human rights declarations, conventions, covenants, acts of international conferences.
- •59) United Nations activities in the field of human rights protection. The value of the un Charter for the modern human rights.
- •60) General characteristics of the major un treaties on human rights
- •76) American Convention on Human Rights.
- •80) The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms - the founding document of the Council of Europe.
- •81) The fundamental rights proclaimed by the European Convention on Human Rights. Handling the Strasbourg Court of Human Rights, as contained in the European Convention on Human Rights.
- •82) The European Court of Human Rights. Structure.
- •Inter-state cases
- •84) Subjects of the right to appeal to the European Court of Human Rights.
- •83) Inter-state and individual complaints to the European Court of Human Rights.
- •85) Conditions for admissibility of complaints to the European Court of Human Rights.
- •86) The concept and the legal status of refugee. The United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 1951
- •87) Fields of Migration Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Law "On Migration" in 1992 and "Rules of stay of foreign citizens in the Republic of Kazakhstan."
- •88) The concept and the legal status of migrant and displaced persons.
- •96) Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities
82) The European Court of Human Rights. Structure.
The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) of 1950 to monitor compliance by Contracting Parties. The European Convention of Human Rights is one of the most important conventions adopted by the Council of Europe. All 47 member states of the Council of Europe are contracting parties of the Convention which has the status of an international treaty. Applications against Contracting Parties for human rights violations can be brought before the Court either by other States Parties or by individuals. Founded in 1953, the Court became permanent and full-time in 1998, the first of its type in the world.
The scope of the European Court of Human Rights and the legally binding nature of its decisions remain unique in international law. The aim, however, is for the need for legal protection and legal redress to itself become redundant. Instead, respect for rights and freedoms will become part of what makes people human.
The Court became a permanent court with full-time judges on November 1, 1998, when the Commission was wound-up. Citizens now had the right to access the court directly. The new full-time Judges were elected by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.
By the time Protocol No. 11 entered into force the Court had delivered 837 judgments. At the end of 2005 the Court had delivered 5,968 judgments.
All member states of the Council of Europe have to sign and ratify the Convention. The court consists of a number of judges equal to the number of Contracting Parties, which currently stand at 47. Each judge is elected in respect of a Contracting Party by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Despite this correspondence, however, there are no nationality requirements for judges (for example, a Swiss national is elected in respect of Liechtenstein). Judges are assumed to be impartial arbiters, rather than representatives of any country. Judges are elected to six-year terms. They can be re-elected.
The court is divided into five "Sections," each of which consists of a geographic and gender-balanced selection of justices.[4] The entire court elects a President and five Section Presidents, two of whom also serve as Vice-Presidents of the court. All terms last for three years. Each section selects a Chamber, which consists of the Section President and a rotating selection of six other justices. The court also maintains a 17-member Grand Chamber, which consists of the President, Vice-Presidents, and Section Presidents, in addition to a rotating selection of justices from one of two balanced groups. The selection of judges alternates between the groups every nine months.[5]
On September 18, 2008, the Court has delivered its 10,000th judgment, Takhayeva and Others v. Russia (no. 23286/04). The Strasbourg Court found violations of Articles 2 (right to life), 3 (prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment), 5 (right to liberty and security) and 13 (right to an effective remedy) of the European Convention on Human Rights concerning the applicants’ complaint that their relative disappeared after being abducted from their village in Chechnya by Russian servicemen.