I light and oxygen can destroy nutrients.

3. Here are the most commonly used extraction methods:

Expelier pressing is a process that uses mechanical pressure rather than I chemicals to extract oil from its source. Friction generates temperatures that may I be as high as 185° Fahrenheit depending on the hardness of the seed, gram, bean I or nut.

Cold pressing is a term sometimes used for expelier pressing at j temperatures below 120° Fahrenheit. LThe only true cold pressed oil is extra virgin olive oil, the first pressing of olives.

Vacuum extraction is a recently developed vacuum (SpectraVac) expelier process system that extracts oils in a non-oxygen and light-free atmosphere at temperatures as low as 70° Fahrenheit:

Solvent extraction is a process in which oils are extracted chemically with petroleum solvents that destroy the oil's nutritional value.

4. Storage tips

The packaging and storage of oils can affect their quality. Heat, oxygen and light promote rancidity. Unrefined oils should be stored in cool, dark places and

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nrefined oils that are high in omega-3 fatty acids should be stored in the refrigerator/Natural or unrefined oils will keep from four so six months if stored properly. Refined or heavily processed oils will keep twice as long.

5. A Warning

Aflatoxins are a poisonous group of^: compounds produced by certain moulds that grow on seeds and nuts.' They are poisonous to both human and animals if consumed over prolonged period, causing liver damage, cancer, and death^Aflatoxins are not destroyed or removed by heating or during processing. The mould can be prevented (thereby preventing the production of Aflatoxins) by drying and storing the crop correctly.’ All seeds and nuts should be spread out in a single layer and exposed to sunlight, for at least two hours. The ultraviolet radiation in the sunlight will help to kill the Aflatoxin chemicals. Seeds and nuts should not be stored until thoroughly dried and then either spread on trays somewhere dry or put in cloth bags (to prevent sweating) and checked regularly to see that no mould is forming.

6. Processing

There are four main stages in the extraction of oil:

1. preparation of the raw material;

2. extraction;

3. clarification;

4. packaging and storage,

Preparation of the raw material

Decortication

The first stage of the process sometimes requires the separation of the oil bearing part of the plant. It can be a nut, a fruit or a seed. The process is generally referred to decortication or dehulling. Seeds with thin testa similar to rapeseed or sesame seed can be processed without decortication.

Breaking

In most cases the oil bearing material is then broken into smaller pieces by pounding in a pestle and mortar or by manual or motorized grinding. Wl»e^fl motorized oil expellers are used the decorticated or undecorticated material can often be fed directly to the expeller.

Cracking

Palm kernels and coconuts must be cracked and the shell removed before processing can begin.

Motorized hammer mills are available but, for coconuts especially, a hand' held hammer or heavy knife may be more efficient.

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Pulp ipgiS¹ jn.d in д/flak j n g|g ra t i n g These processes, which vary according tc фе ^nia*^er'^a^ being used, are usually done by hand with a pestle and mortar and graters. But hand-operated or motorized pulpers, roller mills and hammer «ills are available to reduce the hard work involved and to increase the output

of oil-

Many raw materials, such as groundnuts and sunflower seeds, are heated .jth wafer prior to extraction. This helps to rupture the oil-bearing cells and also ^creases the thickness of the oil allowing it to flow more easily. Seed «-orchers, which are essentially large pans fitted with a stirrer, and drum pasters, help to ensure the seeds, nuts or kernels are heated evenly.

Extraction

The oil-bearing material is now ready for oil extraction. Some basic technical options exist: hot wafer floatation, manual presses, powered expellers and solvent extraction.

Esercise 3. Answer the questions to the text.

7. What is the best way to meet your body's daily requirement for fat?

8. What has excess consumption of saturated fat been associated with?

9. What are the uses of oil?

10. What are the most commonly used extraction methods?

11. What are the conditions of oil storage?

12. Why are Aflatoxins so dangerous?

13. What are main stages in the extraction of oil?

14. What are main stages in the preparation of raw material?

Exercise 4. Corrcct the wrong statements using the following phrases: Idisagree, In my opinion, To my mind, On the contrary, It is considered that...

5. Expeller pressing is a process that uses manual pressure rather than chemicals,

6. Natural or unrefined oils will keep from four so six years if stored properly.

There are three main stages in the extraction of oil.

4- Cold pressing is a term sometimes used for expeller pressing at temperatures higher 120 degrees Fahrenheit. _;

■ The by-product of the oil extraction process, known as oil-саке, is also used

^a$ human feed.

• Aflatoxins are very useful to both human and animals if consumed over prolonged period.

• ^t is needed by the body for absorption ofvarious minerals.

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15. 6) Some oils also contain omega-3 fatty acids that...

16. The packaging and storage of oils can...

17. Many raw materials, such as groundnuts and sunflower seeds,...

18. Refined or heavily processed oils will...

19. The first stage of the process sometimes requires...

7. are heated with wafer prior to extraction.

8. the separation of the oil bearing part of the plant.

9. keep twice as long.

10. have been shown to protect the body from heart disease and some types of cancer.

11. affect their quality.

Exercise 6# Make (he sentences of your own with (he following words and word combinations:

vacuum extraction, to be stored, to expose to sunlight, to press, an important ingredient, by-product.

Exercise 7. Fill in a table using the information from the text.

Food | Source*	I Conditions	I Stages of raw	{Main stage*	Methods of	Machines
| value i	of storage	material	of oil	oil	used in
		preparation	extraction	extraction	processing

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Exercise 9. Speak on one of the following topics: