1. Переведите следующий текст

Pharmacology

Pharmacology (from Greek pharmakon, "drug"; and logia “knowlrdge”) is the study of drug action. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and exogenous chemicals that alter normal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy, which is the name used for a profession, though in common usage the two terms are confused at times. Pharmacology deals with how drugs interact within biological systems to affect function. It is the study of drugs, of the body's reaction to drugs, the sources of drugs, their nature, and their properties. In contrast, pharmacy is a medical science concerned with the safe and effective use of medicines.

The origins of clinical pharmacology date back to the Middle Ages in Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, Peter of Spain's Commentary on Isaac, and John of St Amand's Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas. Pharmacology as a scientific discipline did not further advance until the mid-19th century amid the great biomedical resurgence of that period. Before the second half of the nineteenth century, the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as morphine, quinine and digitalis were explained vaguely and with reference to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues.

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3. Протранскрибируйте и проанализируйте структуру следующих терминов:

рharmaceutical, pharmaceutics, pharmaceutist, pharmacist, pharmacodiagnosis, pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenetics, pharmacognosy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacologist, pharmacology, pharmacomania, pharmacophobia, pharmacy, pharmacopeia.

4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

1. Medicines, when used appropriately, are one of the most cost-effective health care interventions. 2. New drug products should only enter the market if they meet the criteria of efficacy, safety and quality. 3. Drug use can result in better health outcome only when patients are truly involved in and well informed about their condition and the goals of drug treatment. 4. In some countries, drugs are imported and sold without the necessary professional control and guidance. 5. Chemist’s is a retail shop where drugs and other articles are sold. 6. One must always follow the course of treatment prescribed by the doctor. 7. One of the most useful functions of the prescription is that it means the same thing to the man who writes it and the man who dispenses it.

4. Переведите следующие предложения, содержащие неличные формы глагола: инфинитив, герундий, причастие настоящего времени и причастие прошедшего времени:

1. It is important to begin treatment of the early stage of the disease. 2. The pharmacokinetics of a drug are calculated from blood, plasma and oral drug administration. 3. Substances composed of two or more elements are called compounds. 4. In order to provide quality of health care, it is imperative that no funds are wasted on drugs of doubtful effectiveness. 5. They succeeded in obtaining reliable results in surgery. 6. Many unexpected adverse reactions occurring in a small percentage of persons exposed to a drug can be explained as a genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a drug. 7. The data obtained help to designate optimum routes, dosages, and timing of drug administration. 8. The true impact of drug treatment on health outcome can only be assessed after several years.

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