1.2Rivne npp

Beginning of construction — 1973

Start up of Unit 1 — 1980

Number of power units — 4

Type of reactor — VVER-440 (units 1 and 2), VVER-1000 (units 3 and 4)

Total capacity — 2835 MW

NPP satellite town — Kuznetsovsk, Rivne region

Designing of West-Ukraine NPP started in 1971. Later, the plant was given a new name — Rivne NPP.

Rivne NPP is the first nuclear power plant with the VVER-440-type reactors (pressurized water reactor type) in Ukraine. First two VVER-440 power units were put into operation in 1980 and 1981, and Unit 3 with VVER-1000 reactor was put into operation in 1986.

Rivne NPP employs automated radiation monitoring system ASKRO. Supervision is carried out automatically on a continuous basis that allows obtaining on-line information for systematic analysis and forecasting. ASKRO complex, in terms of quantities, frequency and accuracy of collected parameters and characteristics is unique not only for Ukraine — it is one of the best complexes of this kind in the world.

On 10 December 2010 the State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate of Ukraine approved the decision on lifetime extension of Rivne-1,2 for 20 years provided that safety of these power units would be reassessed every 10 years.

1.3Khmelnitsky npp

Beginning of construction — 1981

Start up of Unit 1 — 1987

Number of power units — 2

Type of reactor — VVER-1000

Total capacity — 2000 MW

Satellite town — Netishin, Khmelnitsky region

Khmelnitsky Nuclear Power Plant (KhNPP) is located in the central part of the

4

Western Ukraine, on the border of three oblasts, namely: Khmelnitsky, Rivne and Ternopil.

Khmelnitsky NPP has been designed as the four-power unit plant. Construction started in 1981 In late 1987 Unit 1 was put into commercial operation. Construction of unit 2 started in 1983. It was expected to be connected to the grid by the end of 1991. When the moratorium on construction of new nuclear power plants was declared the major process components had been erected and personnel had been already trained.

Construction of Khmelnitsky Unit 2 was resumed in 1993. On August 8, 2004 Unit 2 (with VVER-1000 reactor) was connected to the unified energy system of Ukraine. In September 2005, Khmelnitsky Unit 2 was admitted to commercial operation.

After Unit 2 of KhNPP started up the annual electricity generation exceeds 15 billion kWh.Today the priority activities of Khmelnitsky NPP, among others, include completion of Khmelnitsky Unit 3 and Unit 4. Their construction had started in the Soviet times but because of the Moratorium the civil works were suspended.

1.4South Ukraine NPP

Beginning of construction — 1975

Start up of Unit 1 — 1982

Number of power units — 3

Type of reactor — VVER-1000

Total capacity — 3000 MW

Satellite town — South-Ukraine, Mykolayiv region

The South Ukraine NPP (hereinafter referred to as the SU NPP) is located on the river Southern Bug in Mykolayiv region. It history started in the 1970s.

The construction of South Ukraine-1 started in 1976. In 72 months, on 22 December 1982, the one million kW unit was connected to the power grid of the former USSR. In 1985 there was commercial startup of South Ukraine-2. Construction of South Ukraine-4 was suspended in 1991 by the moratorium for NPP construction declared in Ukraine. Rooms of unfinished unit 4 wererearranged. Two full-scale simulators currently operate there to train operators to simulate all control processes and situations that can occur in the main control rooms.

2.Black day in Ukraine 2.1After the Chernobyl Accident

The Chernobyl accident occurred on April 26, 1986, at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine which used to be the part of the Soviet Union that time.The Chernobyl accident was clearly a major disaster for the whole humanity. Public awareness of the risks of nuclear power increased significantly.The workers involved in the recovery and cleanup after the accident received high doses of radiation. In most cases, these workers were not equipped with individual dosimeters to measure the amount of radiation received, so experts can only estimate their doses.According to Soviet estimates, up to 600,000 people were involved in the cleanup of the 30 km evacuation zone around the reactor.

5

In the first year after the accident, the number of cleanup workers in the zone was estimated to be 211,000, and these workers received an estimated average dose of 16.5 rem. In reality the number of people involved in cleanup processes can be higher.Besides liquidators there were many people who lived in that area. The accident produced a huge plume of radioactive debris that drifted over parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern and Northern Europe, the UK, and even eastern USA. Large areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were badly contaminated. More than 300,000 people were evacuated and resettled. But many people remained to live on the contaminated grounds, some people who were evacuated returned and still live in the 30 km zone. Some children in the contaminated areas were exposed to high radiation doses because of an intake of radioactive iodine, a relatively short-lived isotope, from contaminated local milk. Several studies have found that the incidence of thyroid cancer among children in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia ha&risen sharply.Late in 1995, the World Health Organization linked nearly 700 cases of thyroid cancer among children and adolescents to the Chernobyl accident. In reality the number of cases of thyroid cancer and leukemia is much higher.As to the short and longer-term effects of radiation after the accident, the main health concern involved radioactive iodine, with a half-life of eight days. Today, there is not the less concern about contamination of the soil with strontium-90 and caesium-137, which have half-lives of about 30 years. The highest levels of caesium-137 are found in the surface layers of the soil where they are absorbed by plants, insects and mushrooms, entering the local food supply. Recent tests have shown that caesium-137 levels in trees of the area are continuing to rise. There is some evidence that contamination is migrating into underground and closed bodies of water such as lakes and ponds.The main source of their elimination from the environment is predicted to be natural decay of caesium-137 to stable barium-137, since runoff by rain and groundwater has been demonstrated to be negligible.The trouble at the Chernobyl plant itself did not end with the disaster in Reactor No. 4 and creation of the sarcophagus., The damaged reactor was sealed off and 200 metres of concrete placed between the disaster and the operational buildings. The Ukrainian government continued to let the three remaining reactors operate because of an energy shortage in the country. A fire broke out in Reactor No. 2 in 1991; the authorities subsequently declared the reactor damaged beyond repair and had it taken offline. Reactor No. 1 was decommissioned in November 1996 as part of a deal between the Ukrainian government and international organizations such as the IAEA to end operations at the plant. In November 2000, Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma personally turned off the switch to Reactor No. 3 in an official ceremony, finally shutting down the entire plant.The IAEA notes that, the Chernobyl accident released as much as 400 times the radioactive contamination of the Hiroshima bomb. That is why the so-called «Red Forest» of pine trees within the 10 km zone, immediately behind the reactor complex, can be observed. The forest is so named because in the days following the accident the trees appeared a deep red hue as they died due to extremely heavy radioactive fallout.

6

In the post-disaster cleanup operations, a majority of the 4 km forest was bulldozed and buried.The site of the Red Forest remains one of the most contaminated areas in the world. However, it has proved to be an astonishingly fertile habitat for many endangered species. 3.Strategic objectives and prospects of development Strategic objectives of nuclear energy in Ukraine are: • extending the life of power units; • completion of blocks of high and medium level of readiness; • closure of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant with the removal of blocks number 1, 2 and 3 with the Chernobyl nuclear power plant operation; • transformation of the "Shelter" into an ecologically safe system;  • Creation of NPP based on  • scientific support; • financial problems.