Control by the Work Force.
a feature - черта
to design - проектировать
to depict - описать
facilities - средства
essential - существенный
work force – рабочая сила
clerk - служащий
factory worker – рабочий
salesperson - продавец
middle manager – менеджер среднего звена
upper manager – менеджер высшего звена
The control pyramid.
Any company has a huge number of things to control: the myriad features of the various processes. There is no possibility for the managers and professional specialists to do all that control work. Instead the company designs a plan of delegation somewhat as depicted in Figure 1.
Control by Upper Managers
Control by the Work Force
Automated Controls
FIGURE 1. The pyramid of control
At the base of the pyramid are the error-proof (foolproof) and automated processes designed to keep on producing products that conform to goals. These processes control most of those myriad features. Yet they do so through feedback loops that operate with little or no human intervention other than maintenance of the facilities (which is, however, an essential control).
The remaining controls in the pyramid do require human intervention, at several levels.
Control by the Work Force: Controllability
Most human control is exercised by the work force – the clerks, factory workers, salesperson, etc. Many of these have been put into a state of self-control, so that they are able to defect and correct nonconformances.
There also exist a great many operations for which the criteria for worker self-control have not been fully met. In such case it is risky for managers to hold the workers “responsible” for quality. What is required in such cases is recognition of the concept of controllability.
If all the criteria for self-control have been met at the worker level, any resulting product nonconformances are said to be worker controllable. If any of the criteria for self-control have not been met, then management’s planning has been incomplete. The nonconforming products resulting from such planning deficiencies are then said to be management controllable.
In the minds of workers and managers alike, responsibility for results should be keyed to controllability. However, in the past many upper managers have not understood the state of controllability as it prevailed at the worker level. Numerous studies conducted in the 1950s and 1960s showed that for operations at the worker level the proportion of management-controllable to worker-controllable nonconformances was of the order of 80 to 20. That ratio helps to explain the failure of so many programs that tried to solve the company’s quality problems solely by motivating the work force.
Tasks:
Describe the Control pyramid
Make up a summary of the texts Control by the Work Force
Control by the Work Force
Control at All Levels
Level - уровень
An employee - служащий
The chief executive officer (CEO)
To make use - использовать
The subject matter – основной вопрос
Numerous - многочисленный
A specification, а manual – инструкция, руководство
To tend – иметь тенденцию
Emphasis - ударение
Competitive - конкурентоспособность
Sensor – сенсор, датчик
To relate to – относиться к чему-то
Property - свойство
Decision - решение