2. Match the terms with their definitions.

1.Agriculture	a) an amount of crops grown in a particular year
2. Crop	b) a type of farming in which most of the produce is consumed by the farmer and his family
3. Farming	c) the mating and production of offspring by animals
4. Livestock	d) domestic fowl kept for their eggs and meat
5. Animal husbandry	e) wheat or any other cultivated cereal used as food
6.Breeding	f) animals kept on a farm or ranch for domestic use and regardedasanasset
7.Grain	g) growingcrops or keeping animals by people for food and raw materials.
8. Poultry 9. Domestication 10. Subsistenceagriculture	h) thescienceorpracticeoffarming, includingsoilcultivationforgrowingofcropsandtherearingofanimals i) the science of breeding and caring for farm animals j) is a change that happens in wild animals or plants, when they are kept by humans for a long time.

Text a Overview of the World Agriculture

The word agriculture is a late Middle English adaptation of Latinagricultura, from ager, “field” and cultura, “cultivation” or “growing”.

Agriculture started at least 10,000 years ago, but no one knows for sure how old it is. Agriculture and domestication started in the Fertile Crescent, in East Africa, and in the Middle East. The area called Fertile Crescent is now in the countries of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Egypt. Wheat and barley are some of the first crops people grew. People probably started agriculture slowly by planting a few crops, but still gathered many foods from the wild. People may have started farming because the weather and soil began to change. Farming can feed many more people than gathering on the same amount of land. Farming is growing crops or keeping animals by people for food and raw materials. Farming is a part of agriculture. Farming actually started with the first nations. They might have originally kept animals for extra food. Farmers often help each other out whenever they can. Scientists have many theories about how farming started but most start with first nations, around the end of the ice age (about ten thousand years ago).

Agricultureis the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products. Over one third of the world's workers are employed in agriculture, second only to the services sector, although the percentages of agricultural workers in developed countries has decreased significantly over the past several centuries.Nearly 40 of the land mass of the world is being used for agricultural purposes.

There are several types of agriculture. Traditional agriculture is mostly done in poor countries.Intensive agriculture is mostly done in western countries. It uses pesticides, machinery, chemical fertilizers. Organic farming is using only natural products. Integrated farming is using local resources, and trying to use the waste from one process as a resource in another process.Agriculture includes subsistence agriculture, which is producing enough food to meet the needs of the farmer and family, and also the production of income from cultivation of the land or commercial raising of animals (animal husbandry).

Agricultural policy focuses on the goals and methods of agricultural production. At the policy level, common goals of agriculture include:

• Food safety: to be sure that the food supply is safe.

• Food security: to be sure there is enough food for everyone.

• Food quality: to be sure the food is of good quality.

There are some serious problems that face people trying to grow food. These includeerosion, plant diseases, pests ,weeds, drought, too much rainfall, and many non-arable lands.

There are many techniques to cultivate crops. Some of them are :hydroponic , tillage by plough, irrigation,fertilizers, crop rotation, weedremoval, etc.

Farmers selected plants with better yield, more resistance to disease, more tolerance to drought, easier to harvest, with better taste, and better nutritional value. Centuries of careful selection and breeding have had enormous effects on the characteristics of crop plants. The crops give better yield with other techniques (use of fertilizers, chemical pest control, and irrigation). For example, the yields of wheat in France are over 90 qx/ha. In South America, the yields are 20 qx/ha. In Africa, the yields are less than 10 qx/ha.

Some companies have been searching for new plants in poor countries, and genetically modify these plants. They try to patent the seeds, and can sell them back in the poor countries.New plants were created with genetic engineering. They are modified to resist to an herbicide for example.

There are specialty producers who raise less common types of livestock or plants such as aquaculture, the farming of fish, shrimp, and algae, andapiculture, the breeding and care of bees.

Agriculture sciences seek to feed the world's population while preventing biosafety problems that may affect human health and the environment. This requires promoting good management of natural resources and respect for the environment, and increasingly concern for the psychological wellbeing of all concerned in the food production and consumption system.

Economic, environmental, and social aspects of agriculture sciences are subjects of ongoing debate. Recent crises (such as avian influenza, mad cow disease and issues such as the use of genetically modified organisms) illustrate the complexity and importance of this debate.

Agriculturalmanagement is an occupation that involves the science of food production. It deals with farming techniques, the domestication of animals, and the general processing of food. There are many agricultural jobs that require management, especially on projects working in the scientific disciplines and with farm labor. With the changing dynamics of global food production, this field is one of the fastest growing in the world.

Note:The Fertile Crescent is a historical region in the Middle East that includes the Levant, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. These countries on a map together have a shape that is similar to a crescent. All these lands are watered by important rivers: Nile, Jordan, Euphrates and Tigris. Together they cover some 400-500,000 square kilometers, These areas are in present-day Egypt, Israel, West Bank, Gaza strip, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq, south-eastern Turkey and south-western Iran. The present-day Fertile Crescent total population is around 120 million, or at least a quarter of the population of the Middle East.

Words and phrases to be remembered:

weedn.–бур’ян; водорість

weedv. – полоти, знищувати бур’ян

drought - засуха

flax - льон

shrimp - креветка

alga- (pl. algae [-jē]) водорість

rearingbreedandraise (animals) – розведення та вирощування худоби

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

1. Find in the text English equivalents for the following word combinations. Write your own sentences using them.

Розведення та вирощування худоби; льон; впливати на довкілля; переробка продуктів харчування; насіння; добрива; орна земля; землеробство; зернові культури; урожай; свійська птиця; хлібні злаки; тваринництво; поголів’я худоби; бджільництво; зосереджувати увагу, концентруватися; обробкапочвизадопомогоюплуга; культивуванняводнихорганізмів.

2. Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following word combinations.

Raising of animals; to deal with; consumption system;general processing of food; subjects of ongoing debate;respect for the environment;gathered foods from the wild;public expenditures;raw materials;preventing biosafety problems;crop rotation, specialty producers; non-arable lands; tolerance to drought,weedremoval, , chemical pest control, the waste nutritional value.

3. Fill in the missing words in the sentences below. Choose from the box. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

Bushels; planting; commercially manufactured; selective breeding; crop; poultry (2); a bumper crop;wheat; agro; livestock breeding; agriculture; genetically modified crops; oats.

1. Most of the population is employed in ______________and fishing.

2. ____________- isusedtoformnounsandadjectiveswhichrefertothingsrelatingtoagricultureortoagriculturecombinedwithanotheractivity.

3. That year, __________ failure led to widespread famine.

4. Last year we had a ________ _________of strawberries.

5. The main crops were _____________ and barley.

6. They’re all out ____________ the crops today.

7. The possible health risks posed by __________ ___________ ________.

8. English pioneer in scientific methods of __________ ________and husbandry.

9. He produced pedigree herds of sheep and cattle and increased the meat production from his animals through __________ __________ .

10. Farmers raise millions of _________ of grain to feed the nation.

11. Dr. Binger keeps ________, pigs and goats.

12. Most poultry farmers have to rely on ____________ ____________feeds.

13. The menu features roast meats and ____________.

14. A farmer grows only enough _____________ to make bread for his or her family.

READING