The Use of Articles in some Syntactic Relations.

A predicative noun is used with the indefinite article if the speaker states that the object denoted by the noun belongs to a certain class.

If a predicative noun is modified by a particularizing attribute, the definite article is used.

Ex.: He is the student you wanted to speak to.

If a predicative noun denotes a post which can be occupied by one person at a time, either no article or the definite article is used.

Ex.: Mr. Henderson is manager, not under-manager any longer. (Lindsay)

Ex.: Comrade N. is the dean of our faculty.

No article is used with predicative nouns after the verbs to turn, to commence, to appoint, to elect.

Ex.: Compeyson turned traitor.

Ex.: Shakespeare commenced actor.

A predicative noun sometimes has an adjectival character, especially when it is followed by the adverb enough. In this case no article is used.

Ex.: Surely Bolla isn’t fool enough to believe that sort of stuff?(Voynich)

When a predicative noun in an adverbial clause of concession is placed at the head of the clause, no article is used.

Ex.: Child as he was, David understood that Creakle was an ignorant man.

The nouns son and daughter used predicatively take the definite article when modified by an of-phrase, though there may be several sons and daughters in the family.

Ex.: Lomonosov was the son of a fisherman.

The Use of Articles with Nouns in Apposition.

Nouns in apposition and nouns forming part of an apposition are used with the indefinite article if the speaker states that the object expressed by the noun in apposition belongs to a certain class

Ex.: I want to introduce you to Mr. Smith, a great friend of mine.

In the plural no article is used.

Ex.: I want to introduce you to students A. and B., great friends of mine.

Nouns in apposition or nouns forming part of an apposition are used with the definite article if they are modified by a particularizing attribute.

Ex.: Student B., the student you have mentioned, has come.

If the noun denotes a well-known person or work of art, the definite article is generally used.

Ex.: Pushkin, the great Russian poet, died in 1837

But if the person or the work of art is not widely known the indefinite article is used.

Ex.: Pericles, a comedy by Shakespeare, is hardly ever staged.

No article is generally used with a noun in apposition when the apposition expresses a post which can be occupied by one person at a time. Occasionally the definite article is used.

Ex.: Smirnov, dean (the dean), of the English department, has left Moscow.

Class Nouns Used in Address Take no Article.

Come downstairs, child. (Voynich)

Place of the Article.

The usual place of the article is before the noun if it is not modified by an attribute; if the noun is modified by an attribute, the article is placed before the latter. However, there are cases when the article follows the attribute.

1. The definite article follows the attribute expressed by the pronouns both, all.

Ex.: Both the stories were interesting.

2. The indefinite article follows the attribute expressed by an adjective after so, too, as.

Ex.: Mr. Pickwick could not resist so tempting an opportunity of studying human nature.(Dickens)

Ex.: It was as black a house inside as outside.(Dickens)

3. The indefinite article follows quite, such, what (what in exclamatory sentences).

Ex.: She is quite a child.

Ex.: What a wonderful piece of luck!

The indefinite article either precedes or follows rather.

Ex.: They stop and interchange a rather heated look.(Dickens)