1. Where are computers used?

2. Як утворюється та коли живається Present Perfect?

Unit.11. Інтернет. Past Perfect.

The Internet

Ex. 1. Прочитайте та запам’ятайте наступні слова та вирази:

Separate – окремий

Interconnected – взаємозалежний

capacity – потенціал

access – доступ

assembled – зібраний

software - програмне забезпечення

Obviously – очевидно

compatible - сумісними

continuously – постійне

rate per – ціна за

Ex. 2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:

How it works - The Internet

The Internet is an incredibly large number of separate, local computer networks (LANs -Local Area Networks), online services, newsgroups and e-mail addresses all interconnected by the global telephone network. The network consists of a hierarchy of high-capacity lines connected by exchanges. Figure 1 shows the different types of lines and their frequencies.

Modem	28.8 Kbps	1 .8 days
ISDN	64 Kbps	1 2 hours
Tl	1 .54 Mbps	31 minutes
T3	45 Mbps	1 minute
ATM	155 Mbps	1 8 seconds
Backbone	622 Mbps	4.8 seconds
Super-backbone	2.4 Gbps	1 .2 seconds

Figure 1: Operating frequencies for lines and how long they would take to transmit the complete 33-volume Encyclopedia Britannica.

To access the Internet, you need a modem or ISDN adapter to convert the digital data into a format suitable for the telephone lines. The data is broken down into small packages which can be sent and then assembled again by another computer. The method the software uses to do this is called a 'protocol'.

Obviously, with so many different computer systems on the market there are many different protocols, which have to be converted if all of the Net users are to be compatible.

Next, you have to subscribe to either an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or an online service. These companies lease continuously open, high-capacity telephone lines to send the information to the subscriber's computer. The subscriber pays the ISP a flat rate per month and/or an hourly online charge (not including the telephone charges for connection to the ISP). It's important that your ISP has a local connection (PoP - Point of Presence), otherwise your online telephone charges will be at long distance rates.

Online services, such as CompuServe, America Online (AOL) or T-Online, are actually services providing news, magazines, chat forums, e-mail and entertainment, and are not really part of the Internet. However, all of them now offer their customers access to the Net as well.

Perhaps the most well-known network on the Internet is the World Wide Web (WWW). The Web uses its own HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) format which enables sophisticated graphics to be transmitted at high-speed. Almost every major company is now on the Web, which is growing at a rate of about 1,000 new sites a month.

Ex. 3. Заповніть пропуски:

1. The network ……. of a hierarchy of high-capacity ….. connected by exchanges.

2. The data is broken down into small …… which can be sent and then assembled again by another……. .

3. The method the software uses to do this is called a……. .

4. Next, you have to ……. to either an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or an online service.

5. Perhaps the most well-known network on the ……. is the World Wide Web (WWW).

6. Almost every major ……. is now on the Web, which is growing at a rate of about 1,000 new …… a month.

Ex. 4. Складіть 4 запитання до тексту «Інтернет».

Ex. 5. Висловіть свою думку:

How do you think technology is going to change the following areas of our lives?

Ex. 6. Пригадайте правила вживання Past Perfect:

Post Perfect вживається для вираження минулої дії, яка вже відбулася до певного моменту в минулому. Post Perfect перекладається українською мовою минулим ча­сом дієслова доконаного виду. Момент мовлення, до яко­го відбулася дія в Post Perfect, може бути виражений:

а) наступними позначеннями часу: : by 7 o'clock — до 7 години, by Sunday — до неділі i, by the 28^th of March — до 28 березня, by the end of the week (month, year) — до кінця тижня (місяця, року), by that time — до того часу.

He hadn't finished reading that book by 7 o'clock. Він не закінчив читання книги до 1 години.

б) іншою, більш пізньою минулою дією, вираженою в Past Simple

He had finished his work when we came. - Він закінчив роботу, коли ми прийшли.

в) Past Perfect в складнопідрядних реченнях з підряд­ними, які починаються сполучниками after — після того як, before — перш ніж, доти (до того як), when — коли, а також за наявність складного сполучника, hardly (scarcely) ... when— ледве (тільки-но) ... як, no sooner ... than — не встиг ... як

I had finished my work before he returned. Я (вже) закінчив свою роботу, перш ніж він повернувся.

We had hardly entered the house when it began to rain. Ледве ми зайшли в дім, як пішов дощ.

He had no sooner come than he fell ill. Не встиг він приїхати (тільки-но він приїхав), як захворів.

Ex. 7. Розкрійте дужки, вживаючи дієслова в Past Perfect:

1. I (to translate) the text before the bell.

2. She (to do) her lessons by the evening.

3. He (to clean) his room by five o'clock.

4. We (to speak) to him before the meeting.

5. Mother (to cook) dinner by seven o'clock.

6. Her son (not to do) the home task by nine o'clock.

7. She (not to make) a dress before party.

8. What they (to do) by three o'clock?

9. Who (not to write) the exercise before the bell?

10. Why you (not to sweep) before your mother's coming?

11. Your child (to go) to bed by ten o'clock?

12. You (to reach) your house before the sunset?

13. They (to receive) the telegram by that time?

14. Why they (not to have) lunch by twelve o'clock ?

15. We (to have) dinner by eight o'clock.

Ex. 8. Поставте наступні речення у запитальній та заперечній формі:

1. The pupils had translated the text before the bell rang. 2. Alice had shown me her paintings before. 3.I had come to the department store by 3 o'clock. 4. You had forgotten about her request. 5. Kate had done her lessons by eight o'clock. 6. He had watched this TV programme before his parents came home. 7. Mary had booked the tickets before. 8. Peter had studied English before he entered the institute. 9. We had told about the time of the meeting, 10. We had been to this exhibition. 11. The eruption of the volcano had stopped by the end of last week. 12. Our bus had reached Birmingham by 9 o’clock yesterday.

Домашнє завдання:

Ex. 1. Вивчіть новий лексичний матеріал.

Ex. 6. Вивчіть правило.

Ex. 9. Поставте наступні речення у запитальній та заперечній формі:

1. We had agreed about our trip before your departure.

2. Emma had completed the survey by 4 o’clock yesterday.

3. You had informed us about the seminar before last Tuesday.

4. Gordon had downloaded those photos by 8 o’clock yesterday.

5. She had spoken to the doctor before our meeting.

Ex. 10. Розкрійте дужки, вживаючи дієслова в Past Perfect або Past Simple:

1. When the police (to arrive), the car (to go).

2. George (to finish) doing his homework at eight o'clock.

3. When she (to get) to the shop, it (to close).

4. The train (to leave) when he (to come) to the station.

5. We (to eat) everything by the time he (to arrive) at the party.

6. I (to know) that he (not to learn) the poem.

7. When they (to leave) the beach, the rain already (to start).

8. Arthur (not to know) that we already (to arrive).

9. When I (to come), I (to see) that mother (to cook) dinner.

10. My friend (to study) English before he (to enter) the institute.

Ex. 11. Розкажіть де ти використовуєш інтернет.

Питання дня самоконтролю:

1. Для чого ви використовуєте Інтернет?

2. Як утворюється Past Perfect?

3. Коли вживається Past Perfect?

Unit.12. Засоби масової інформації. Future Perfect.