5. The phrase can be free and sustainable classification of phraseological units

The phrase can be free and sustainable. The difference between them can be seen from the following examples. In a free collocation fully maintained separate lexical meanings of its constituent significant words. In collocations lexical independence of one of the components is weakened or lost, and the phrase is generally the nature of its value approaches to a single word. To set expressions are also very common in the English compound verbs (verb adverb), where the adverb changes the value of the verb.

Within each category you can select different types of phrase structure, such as an adjective noun preposition (mad about smth, typical of smb, etc.), Set phrases separated into its own sustainable - devoid of imagery and emotional color, and are often the only name for the concept expressed by them. They are registered.

Phraseological units - different imagery and stylistic coloring. They have not only a denominative, but also evaluation function, expressing the attitude of the speaker to the subject of the question.

Idiom play an important role in communication and give different shades mode of expression: they can make a statement (text) more emotional expressiveness give it a certain way forward aesthetic appreciation, to provide certain cultural associations, etc. Very often idioms serve as a source of recognition status of the text (the interlocutor, themes sayings, relationships between the participants of communication, etc.).

Semantic classification of phraseological units

Phraseological units can be classified according to the degree of motivation of their meaning

a) fusions where the degree of motivation is very low, we cannot guess the

meaning of the whole from the meanings of its components

b) unities where the meaning of the whole can be guessed from the

meanings of its components, but it is transferred (metaphorically or

metonimically)

c) collocations where words are combined in their original meaning but

their combinations are different in different languages

Structural classification of phraseological units

three structural types:

a) units of the type to give up (verb + postposition type);

b) units of the type to be tired;

c) prepositional-nominal phraseological units. These units are equivalents of

unchangeabl words: prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs

a) attributive-nominal

b) verbal-nominal

c) phraseological repetitions

Syntactical classification of Structural classification of phraseological units

Here we have the following groups:

a) noun phraseological units denoting an object, a person, a living being,

b) verb phraseological units denoting an action, a state, a feeling,

c) adjective phraseological units denoting a quality,

d) adverb phraseological units, e.g. with a bump, in the soup; e) preposition phraseological units,

f) interjection phraseological units

There are many terms for phraseological units, but the best one is “set expressions”, for it accentuates the specific qualities of phraseological units: stability, idiomaticity, integrity, syntactic indivisibility. The central problem is the criteria of distinguishing them from free word groups. Shakhmatov and Fortunatov singled out the following criteria: stability, idiomaticity, function and context. Criterion of stability means that the components of phraseological units follow each other in the definite constant order, there can be no substitution for them. This view point has been criticized, since many phraseological units lack absolute stability and admit variations. Criterion of idiomaticity is based on the lack of motivation. Vinogradov singled out the degrees of idiomaticity: a phraseological unit is based on a phraseological fusion, which is non-motivated at all, i.g. to kick the bucket. Free word groups can be perceived through the metaphorical or metonymical meaning, i.g. to wash one’s dirty linen in public. Phraseological collocations are stable set word groups which still have a clear motivation but strictly limited vocabulary, i.g. to shrug one’s shoulder. This view point has been criticized, for there is no distinct boarder line between phraseological units and word groups on one hand and word groups and phraseological collocations – on the other.Criterion of function presupposes that phraseological units are grammatically and stylistically inseparable, in a sentence they behave like a single syntactic form, i.g. He wrote it in a long run. This view point has been criticized, as the same phraseological units may be inseparable in 1 type of syntactic context, but quite separable in another, i.g. take care - care was taken. According to the criterion of context phraseological units have a fixed meaning (unlike free word groups). Амосова subdivided them into phraseological units and phraseological idioms. Phraseological units are 2 member groups in which 1 of the members has a specific meaning dependent on the 2^nd member (small hours = early). Idioms  are characterized by idiomaticity of the whole group (red tape). Amosova’s view point has been criticized, for non-variability of context doesn’t necessarily imply a specific meaning of the component. Some word groups aren’t stable, although they have various degree of idiomaticity. Then, there were we many classifications before Kunin’s. Smith and Ball based their classification on rhyme, alliteration and contrast. Fortunatov and Shakhmatov paid much attention to the syntactic analysis of phraseological units. Their classification is known as structural. There has existed a diachronic classification by Larin, which reflects 3 stages a unit passes on the way of becoming a phraseological one: 1) a free word - group, 2) metaphraseologicalorical unit, 3) an idiom. Some phraseological units had been built spontaneously (they have never been free word groups). Vinogradov’s classification is synchronic. It is based on the motivation of the unit, i.e. the relationship between the meaning of the whole and the meaning of its component parts. The degree of motivation is correlated with the rigidity, indivisibility and semantic unity of the expressions. It suggests 3 types of phraseological units: phraseological fusions, phraseological units, phraseological combinations.  Smirnitskii constructed a classification which is reversed in comparison with Vinagradov’s one: 1) traditional phraseological units, 2 phraseological combination with the faded phraseological units (i.g. to fall in love). 3 idioms which have no motivation (i.g. as dead as a doornail). Kunin has many classifications, the main is based upon the combination of functional, semantic features: 1) nominative phraseological units, 2) communicative phraseological units (proverbs and sayings), 3) phraseological units with combined function (interjectional phraseological units, modal phraseological units (i.g. as sure as I’m sitting here)).According to the character all the units may be divided into: 1) expressions with variable verbal or nominal elements (e.g. not to stir / lift a finger), 2) expression with variable pronominal elements (e.g. to pull one’s leg), 3) expressions which combine 2 types of variability (to give s.o (nominal) a piece of one’s mind (pronominal)). Алёхина classified  phraseological units and divided them into14 core patterns.