Lesson 9 Transport of sediments

Over millions and millions of years rocks are constantly formed and destroyed by enormous, but often slow acting forces. Rock fragments are weathered from the highest mountains often due to the expansion of water as it freezes. These fragments are then transported by either falling down rock faces or by fast moving streams. Either way it’s gravity that causes the movement! As the fragments are moved, they get bounced off other rocks and their shape becomes more rounded. The larger fragments only get carried by the faster flowing streams and so soon drop to the bottom. Small grains can however reach estuaries and even make it to the open sea where they fall to the bottom as sediment to begin the process of forming new sedimentary rock which may contain fossils. These may get forced to the surface again as the earth's crust moves and land masses collide together. Mount Everest was once at the bottom of a shallow sea and fossils can be found at the top!

Remember the words:

constantly – постійно to destroy – знищувати, руйнувати

enormous -- величезний to act – діяти

force – сила, to force -- змушувати weathering – вивітрювання

due to – завдяки, через expansion – розширення

either way – у будь-якому випадку either…or… – або… або…

to cause – спричиняти, змушувати movement – рух

to drop – падати bottom – дно, низ; top – верхівка

however – проте, однак to reach – досягати

make it to the open sea – потрапити у відкрите море

to collide – стикатися, зіштовхуватися shallow – мілкий, мілководний

to determine – визначати, встановлювати

Answer the questions:

1. Which process breaks off small fragments of rock? 2. Which force causes these rocks to move? 3. Explain why the size of a fragment of rock determines where it ends up? 4. How does the distance travelled by a fragment affect its shape? 5. What could happen to Mount Everest over the next few million years?

Lesson 10 Grammar: The plural of nouns

Exercise2. Form the plurals of the following nouns:

Country, piece, pile, quarry, slope, way, current, particle, statue, hillside, estuary, layer, gas, industry, sea, process, exhaust, surface.

Read, translate and retell the text

Pollution

People cause pollution when they damage their surroundings. Pollution includes litter, and waste from factories, farms and cars.

There are laws to control pollution and groups that work to look after the environment. However, pollution is still a big problem.

Air pollution. Burning fuels, such as coal, oil and petrol, produces waste gases. Factories, power stations and traffic all burn fuels and make waste gases, which get into the air. Polluted air harms people’s lungs.

In some big cities, the air is so polluted that people wear masks. The masks stop them from breathing in dust, soot and chemicals.

The ozone layer. Ozone is a gas that surrounds the world, and protects Earth from the harmful rays in sunlight. However, pollution is destroying the ozone layer. Without the protection of the ozone layer, more people will get skin cancer.

Greenhouse gases. Some of the gases in the atmosphere act like the glass in a greenhouse, trapping heat from the Sun. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas.

People are putting more carbon dioxide into the air. It is released from car exhausts and power stations. Many scientists say these extra greenhouse gases are making the world warmer. This is called global warming.

Acid rain. When waste gases mix with water in the atmosphere, they can form acid rain. Acid rain damages trees and buildings. When it falls into lakes and rivers, it can kill fish and other wildlife.