Grammar exercises

Exercise 1. Find the sentences with “to” as preposition and the sentences with infinitive.

1. If the hand leaves the wheel, the steering will begin to straighten. 2. Manual transmissions work regardless of the angle of the car with respect to gravity. 3. In order to select the mode, the driver would have to move a gear shift lever located on the steering column or on the floor next to him/her. 4. A car should be allowed to come to a complete stop before setting the transmission into park to prevent damage. 5. In order for the driver to select reverse they must come to a complete stop, push the shift lock button in (or pull the shift lever forward in the case of a column shifter) and select reverse. 6. A hydraulic automatic transmission takes the place of a mechanical clutch, allowing the engine to remain running at rest without stalling.

Exercise 2. Translate, paying attention to the different functions of infinitive

1. The manual selection of gears requires the driver to monitor the road and traffic situation, anticipate events and plan a few steps ahead. 2. The automatic transmission to be designed for this car has several shortcomings. 3. It's much more difficult for the driver to fidget in a manual transmission car, for instance by eating, drinking beverages, or talking on a cellular phone without a headset. 4. Hydraulic & lubricating oil are called Automatic Transmission Fluid, or ATF, this component of the transmission provides lubrication, corrosion prevention, and a hydraulic medium to convey mechanical power.5. The multitude of parts, along with the complex design of the valve body, originally made automatic transmissions much more complicated and expensive to build and repair than manual transmissions. 6. To select gears/modes is made by pushing a button in (called the shift lock button) or pulling the handle (only on column mounted shifters) out. 7. The mechanical operator was to adjust new transmission on this car. 8. The goal of the ignition system on your car is to ignite the fuel at exactly the right time so that the expanding gases can do the maximum amount of work. 9. When the fuel/air mixture in the cylinder burns, the temperature rises and the fuel is converted to exhaust gas. 10. To make the best use of the fuel, the spark should occur before the piston reaches the top of the compression stroke.

Exercise 3. Read the following text and translate the sentences with “to”.

Support System

The suspension system, wheels and tires should be discussed while speaking about the automobile’s support system. Automobiles would deliver jolting rides without a system of shock absorbers and other devices to protect the auto body and passenger compartment.

The suspension system contains springs that move up and down to absorb bumps and vibrations. Shock absorbers control or dampen the sudden loading to reduce wheel bounce and the shock transferred from the road wheels to the body. One shock absorber is installed at each wheel. Modern shock absorbers have a telescoping design and use oil, gas, and air, or a combination to absorb energy.

Automobile wheels generally are made of steel or aluminum. Aluminum wheels are lighter, more impact absorbent, and more expensive.

Tires help smooth out the ride and provide the automobile’s only contact with the road, so traction and strength are primary requirements. Tire treads come in several varieties to match driving conditions.

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1. Основная функция катушки зажигания – это генерировать высоковольтный импульс на свечу зажигания. 2. Раньше в двигателе была одна катушка, и чтобы обслужить несколько цилиндров применялся распределитель. 3. Для увеличения эффективности двигателя сейчас используются две свечи на цилиндр. 3. Поджог горючей смечи производиться электрическим разрядом, который возникает между электродами свечи. 4. После запуска аккумулятор подзаряжается от генератора, который приводится в движение двигателем. 5. Уменьшение расхода топлива может быть получено при использовании инжекторной системы подачи топлива.

LESSON XII

Exercise 1. Read the following words and word combinations.

poor – плохой, несоответствующий light condition – состояние освещения

to distract – отвлекать visibility – обзор

extra – дополнительные, сверх to fit on – устанавливать

to dazzle – слепить to confuse – сбивать с толку

warrant – гарантия fitness – пригодность

hefty fine – большой штраф

Exercise 2. These terms you should know.

headlight – фара safety feature – меры обеспечения безопасности

roadside – обочина oncoming – встречный

fog lamp - противотуманная фара hazard lights – “аварийка”

tail light – задние огни brake light – стоп-сигнал

stop lamp – стоп-сигнал reverse lamp – фара заднего хода

daytime running lamps – фары дневного света (габариты)