If I knew the head office address, I would contact them.

(but I don’t know)

If I had the full name of the bank, I would execute payment.

(but I don’t have it)

If I earned a lot of money, I’d started my own business.

(it is an imaginary situation)

The past form e.g. earned, knew does not have a past meaning in sentences like these; it has a hypothetical present or future meaning.

Exercise 1. Put the words in brackets into the correct form.

1. If you _______ (to have) any problems concerning your legal right, we could provide you with urgent assistance.

2. If members _____(not to meet) annually for a session, they wouldn’t take decisions important issues by voting.

3. If you _______ (to send) us the letter, we would check the information mentioned in your fax.

4. If the Board of Directors made a positive decision, they (to summon) me.

5. If you ______(to work) a bit harder, you'd be really good at your job.

6. If you ______ (to pay) more attention in meetings, you'd know what was going on.

2. Can we use were instead of was after if?

a. We often use were instead of was after if especially in a more formal style.

If I were at the Board of Directors, I would support you.

I’d investigate the matter without any delay, if I weren’t so busy.

b. We often use if I were you to give advice and if you were me to ask for advice.

What would you undertake, if you were me?

If I were you, I’d buy extra shares.

Exercise 2. If the underlined word or words are used incorrectly, make correction.

1. If there were no international organizations working to formulate and enforce legal rights of individuals, victims of human rights violations will appeal to heaven.

2. We could investigate this matter further if you supply us with a complete description of each item.

3. If the Board will appoint a Managing Director, he or she would be directly responsible to them as a member of the Board.

4. If you looked into the matter once again and inform us of the present situation we could close the matter in our books.

5. If I was made President of this company, I had made quite a few changes.

6. If I come to the Hague, I’d visit International Court of Justice.

3. Can we use the modal verbs might or could instead of would in the main clause?

Yes, we can use these modal verbs instead of would.

If I earned a lot of money, I might start my own business.

I could lend money to you, if you needed it.

Exercise 3. Translate into English.

1. Если бы подпись уполномоченного лица на документе была поставлена, мы бы смогли исполнить Ваши указания.

3. Если бы представитель Комиссии по правам человека был сейчас в Лондоне, он, конечно, смог бы помочь нам, но он приезжает только в конце недели.

4. Мы бы закрыли дело и отправили его в архив, если бы мы получили обращение, о котором идет речь.

5. Если бы представители фонда заключили договор на поставку офисного оборудования сегодня, то им была бы предоставлена большая скидка.

6. Организация не осуждала бы равнодушие политической системы к проблемам высшей школы, если бы правительство делало больше в сфере образования.

7. Моральные нормы выражают общественный идеал добра и справедливости, и если бы все люди соблюдали эти нормы, человечество преодолело бы многие проблемы современности.

PRACTICE WITH UNREAL PAST CONDITIONALS

PRACTICE

Ask yourself these questions when checking unreal past conditionals:

1. When do we use this structure?

Basic form:

if + past perfect + would have + past participle

This structure is often called the ‘third conditional’

We use this structure to talk about unreal past situations - past events that did not happen. We use a past perfect tense in the if-clause, and would have + past participle in the other part of sentence.

If the decisions of the executive committee had been approved by the assembly, all the mistakes would have been discovered.

(But they were not approved.)

If I had studied the documents carefully I would have noticed a mistake. (But I didn’t study them carefully.)

2. Can we use the modal verbs might and could instead of would in the main clause?

If all the books and records had been checked last year, all the discrepancies could have been investigated.

If I’d studied the documents carefully, I might have noticed a mistake.

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. Mind that talking is about unreal situations in the past.

Model:

- If Don (not to undertake) a dishonest action, he ______ (not to be dismissed).

- If Don hadn’t undertaken a dishonest action, he wouldn’t have been dismissed.

1. It (to make) a bad impression yesterday, if the department ______ (to supply) all the records for the period in question immediately.

2. An employee reminded us, that the company has had already paid off all bills. If it (the company) ______ (to do), we ______ (to be) without the light now.

3. I’m sure that if you ______ (to take) into account his behavior then, you _______ (not have) so much trouble.

4. If I (to know) the basic rights of the stockholders last year, I not (to make a mistake) then.

5. If a passer-by _________ (to help) us, we ________ (to find) the way to the Headquarters.

Exercise 2. If the underlined word or words are used incorrectly, make correction.

1. We wouldn't have made friends with them if we hadn't stayed at the same hotel.

2. It wouldn't been so cold in the morning if the wind had stopped blowing.

3. Members of the General Assembly couldn’t have talked to each other in such languages as Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish if they hadn’t been official that time.

4. The German government wouldn’t been keen to play a global role if it hadn’t supported international collaboration not only in the European Union, but also in NATO and various UN peace missions.

5. If we have not received a reply to the above e-mail yesterday, we would have considered your offer null and void.

Exercise 3. Do it in English:

1. Если бы компания обанкротилась, то собственник получил бы свой капитал только после того как наемным работникам, кредиторам и банкам было бы выплачено то, что им должны.

2. Если бы Вы рассмотрели этот вопрос еще раз и сообщили нам об этом обратной почтой, мы смогли бы завершить это дело и сдать его в архив.

3. Если бы мы получили сообщение, о котором идет речь, мы бы смогли выполнить Ваши указания от 12 мая.

4. Мы не смогли бы сформировать единое направление действий, если бы у нас были разные точки зрения.

5. Если бы Греция не соответствовала Копенгагенским критериям, принятым в июне 1993 года на заседании Европейского совета в Копенгагене и утвержденным в декабре 1995 года на заседании Европейского совета в Мадриде, она бы не вступила в Евросоюз.

6. Мы бы поехали на заседание Ассамблеи вчера, если бы вы позвонили накануне вечером и сообщили о времени начала заседания.

7. Во время создания Евросоюза свобода движения капитала была бы невозможна, если бы страны не договорились о необходимости беспрепятственных платежей и переводов через границы, о покупке недвижимости, акций компаний и об инвестирование между странами.

UNIT 4

Social Control. Deviance and crime

AGENDA

4.1	Lead-in	Section Overview
4.2	Language Input	Developing vocabulary
4.3	Background information	Social Control Deviance and Crime
4.4	Comprehension	Understanding the reading Scanning
4.5	Practice Skills Focus	Word-building Fill-in exercises Writing argumentative essays Presenting the information
4.6	Dialogue	Sociological Theories to Explain Deviance
	Supporting materials	Conflict Theory
4.7	Reading for Cross-Cultural Associations
4.8	Case Study & Role Play	Suicide Prevention
4.9	Grammar back-up	The Infinitive, Past Participle and the “-ing” form (Revision)