Irregular Verbs:

arise/arose/arisen	ينشأ	awake/awoke / awoken	يستيقظ
be/was-were/been	يكون	bear/bore/borne	يتحمل
bear/bore/born	يولد	become/became/become	يصبح
begin/began/begun	يبدأ	bend/bent/bent	يثني
bet/bet/bet bet/betted/betted	يراهن	bind/bound/bound	يربط

Derivatives:

Verb	Noun	Adjective
Leak يتسرب	Leak تسرب	Leaky به تسريب
Cost يكلف	Cost تكلفة	Costly مكلف / غالي الثمن
Expect يتوقع	Expectation توقع	Expected متوقع
Affect يؤثر علي	Effect تأثير	Effective مؤثر / فعال
Systematize يُنظم وفق ترتيب معين	System نظام	Systematic منظم
Predict يتنبأ	Prediction تنبؤ	Predictable يمكن التنبؤ به
Weigh يزن	Weight الوزن	Weighty ثقيل / هام Weightless منعدم الوزن

Words that go together:

Launch a campaign	يشن حملة	Launch a satellite	يُطلق قمر صناعي
A rescue mission	مهمة إنقاذ	A diplomatic mission	مهمة دبلوماسية
A humanitarian mission	مهمة إنسانية	A political system	نظام سياسي
Reveal a secret	يكشف عن أو يُفشي سر	A grave violation	انتهاك خطير
Distance learning	التعلم عن بعد	Mutual benefit	فائدة متبادلة
Maximum benefit	فائدة قصوى	Benefit the economy	يفيد الاقتصاد
Highly beneficial	مفيد للغاية	Outer space	الفضاء الخارجي
A space shuttle	مكوك فضاء	A vast area	مساحة شاسعة
Arable land	أرض قابلة للزراعة	Improve living conditions	يُحسن ظروف المعيشة
Respiratory system	الجهاز التنفسي	Digestive system	الجهاز الهضمي
Circulatory system	الجهاز الدوري	Nervous system	الجهاز العصبي

Read the following passage carefully:

July 2009 was the 40th anniversary of man first walking on the Moon. Ever since that day, we have been promised that holidays in space are not far away. Now a representative for the World Tourism Organisation predicts that, in the next ten years, people will be queuing to book their holidays in space. They will fly by rocket to a space station which will be orbiting the Earth at a height of 320 kilometres – that is about the same as the distance from Cairo to El-Minya. The space station itself will be like a giant spinning wheel with spokes like a bike wheel. There will be two kinds of spokes: those with ordinary gravity and those with zero gravity for weightless sports.

Some people who are interested in space holidays are worried that, as space tourists, they will suffer from the same horrible side effects as astronauts have suffered from, but experts say that there are now treatments for most side effects.

Just think about such a holiday in space. Everyone who has travelled in space has described the magical feeling of looking down on the Earth as it spins below you. It will be impossible to go shopping or go for a walk, but think of the fun you can have with weightless football or weightless gymnastics.

For most people, the main disadvantage at the moment is the cost of space holidays. Currently, the cost of a holiday is very high. But like everything else, the more people want to do something, the cheaper it will become. So, if you are interested, start saving now!

Definitions:

Examine (v)	To look at something carefully in order to find out something
launch (n)	when a spacecraft is sent into space
leak (n)	A small hole that liquid or gas gets out through
Mission (n)	An important job that someone has been given to do
secret (adj)	known about by only a few people
system	An organised way of doing something
currently (adv,)	(happening) at the present time
Gravity (n)	The force that makes objects fall to the ground
gymnastics (n)	A sport in which skilful physical exercises and movements are performed
side effect	An unexpected result of an activity, situation or event
spin (v)	To turn around and around very quickly
spoke (n)	One of the thin metal bars which connect the ring around the outside of a wheel to the centre

Language Notes:

۩ لاحظ استخدام فعل مفرد مع الكلمات الآتية ولكن عند الإشارة إليها بضمير نستخدم ضمير جمع:

۩ Everyone / everybody / someone / somebody / no one / nobody / person

 Everyone benefits from space technology in their everyday lives.

 Everyone has their own ideas about the best way to bring up children.

۩ spend (time) + V+ing:

 He spent the evening watching TV.

۩ Spend money on:

 We should spend more money on education and on better transport.

۩ لاحظ استخدام everyday ككلمة واحدة بمعني يومي وهي في هذه الحالة صفة adj.

 the problems of everyday life الحياة اليومية

۩ وعند استخدام every day (كلمتان منفصلتان) بمعني كل يوم وهي في هذه الحالة حال adv.

 He watches TV. every day.

۩ Help + inf. / to+inf.

 He helped me do the job. He helped me to do the job.

۩ Help with + n.

 She helped me with my homework.

۩ يُستخدم المقطع less بمعني without مع الكثير من الكلمات مثل:

 weightless منعدم الوزن / helpless ضعيف / عاجز / useless غير مفيد / hopeless يائس

/ fruitless غير مثمر / غير مجدي / endless بلا نهاية

ولكن لاحظ أن كلمة priceless معناها لا يُقدر بثمن:

 Our ancient monuments are priceless.

۩ It's a waste of time / It's a waste of money + V. + ing:

 It's a waste of time reading this silly book.

۩ Look forward to + n. / V. + ing:

 I look forward to my summer holiday.

 I look forward to visiting London.

۩ Start / Begin + to + inf. / V. + ing

 She started to do this job in 2005.  She started singing.

۩ ولكن عند استخدام start / begin في المضارع المستمر يأتي بعدهما to + inf.

 It's starting to rain.

۩ Begin / Start by + V. + ing:

 The speaker started by describing his journey to China..

۩ Begin / Start with + n.:

 The speaker started with a description of his journey to China.

Words often confused:

۩ Anniversary – memory – memorial - souvenir

 Anniversary: ذكري سنوية  They celebrated their twentieth wedding anniversary yesterday.

 memory: ذكري / ذاكرة  School is just a distant memory for me now.

 This man has an amazing memory.

 memorial: نُصب تذكاري  The statue was erected as a memorial to those who died in the war.

 souvenir: هدية تذكارية  We brought back a few souvenirs from our holiday in Greece.

۩ Repair - Reform

 Repair: يقوم بإصلاح شيء حدث به ضرر أو تلف

 They had to repair the roof after the storm.

 Reform: يقوم بإدخال تعديل أو تحسين علي نظام معين

 We really need to reform our educational system.

۩ Affect – Effect

 Affect (V.) يؤثر علي = have an effect on

 I was deeply affected by the film.  The film had a deep effect on me.

۩ أحيانا تُستخدم effect كفعل بمعني يُحدث أو يسبب:

 He effected several changes in the company.

Choose the correct answer:

1. The navy (launched – lunched – punched - attached) a new warship last week.

2. The contents of the report were (baked – cheated – liked - leaked) to the press.

3. This matter is (costly – currently – distantly - tightly) being discussed.

4. "Distance" means the amount of (place – time – money - space) between two places.

5. The unexpected results of an activity are called (side – aside – inside – outside) effects.

6. (Gravity – Ability – Activity - Capacity) makes objects fall to the ground.

7. (Statistics – Gymnastics – Classics - Mechanics) is a sport in which physical exercises and movements are performed.

8. Astronauts usually work in (weightless – useless – hopeless - meaningless) conditions.

9. To spin is to turn (around and around – on and off – up and down – forward and backward) very quickly.

10. A (spring – star – spoke - spear) is a thin metal bar which connects the ring around the outside of a wheel to its centre.

11. The moon has less (grave – gravity – gape - acidity) than the earth, so you could jump much higher there.

12. (Doing – Making – Having - Taking) gymnastics is a very good way of keeping fit.

13. I think there's a problem (of – at – for – with) my internet connection.

14. The (distance – time – difference - hindrance) between Cairo and London is 3, 5000 kilometers.

15. When you are (countless – weightless – harmless - endless) in space, it must be very difficult to stand still.

16. (Efficiently – Carefully – Currently - Cunningly), over 500 students are enrolled on the course.

17. (Astronauts – Accountants – Astrologers - Engineers) are well trained to do space walks.

18. A space station will (turn – spin – move – orbit) the Earth.

19. A lot of people would like to go (on – in – at - with) space holidays.

20. July 1969 was (what – where – when – which) people first landed on the moon.

21. The spokes of the space station have (full – zero – maximum – under) gravity.

22. There are now (agreements – amusements – treatments - appointments) for most side effects of space travel.

23. Space tourists will fly to the space station by (ship – boat – plane – rocket).

24. (Modern – Traditional – Old – Ancient) technology has improved everyone's lives.

25. Some people have (comforted – infected – benefited - filtered) more from this TV programme than others.

26. It's still not possible to accurately (predict – defect – convict – restrict) the occurrence of earthquakes.

27. A: I think computers are indispensable nowadays. B: I couldn't agree (much – few – more – little).

28. Everybody is aware of the hazards of smoking, (isn't he – doesn't he – is he – aren't they)?

29. Space (exploration – admiration – aspiration - celebration) cots a lot of money.

30. Gymnastics and football are two sports that people can (do – make – act - avoid) in space.

31. The doctor (expected – extended – examined - explained) the patient carefully.

32. China is going to (launch – branch – bunch - crash) a new satellite into space soon.

33. I can smell a gas (fake – break – leak - lock) in the kitchen.

34. The soldiers' (condition – confession – confirmation - mission) was to attack the radio station.

35. These plans must be kept (known – regret – secret - open) from the enemy.

36. We need to reform our educational (order – system – equipment - device).

37. A lot of scientists are (currently – angrily – badly - bitterly) doing experiments to find a cure for swine flu.

38. I don't think you understand the (ambiguity – anxiety – gravity - authority) of the situation.

39. He started the meeting (with – in – by – of) telling us something about his family.

40. Does this drug have any side (effects – affects – reflects - infects)?

41. The Earth (stems – stains – spins - springs) on its axis.

42. What's the (time - length – distance - width) between Cairo and Alexandria?

43. I'm afraid I don't agree (of – at – with – on) your opinion.

44. The plane (bends – lands – hands - rents) in Madrid at 7.00 p.m.

45. He did a lot to (approve – move - improve - destroy) conditions for factory workers.

46. Buying this old car is a (waste – waist – wisdom – failure) of money.

47. The crew are planning a four-hour space (jump – run – walk - talk) to carry out the necessary repair work on the shuttle.

48. The storm has had a bad (effect – afflict – affect - detect) on the crops.

49. We always celebrate our wedding (anniversary – memory – memorial - failure) with dinner in an expensive restaurant.

50. Everyone knows who stole it, but (he – you – she - they) are all afraid to tell anyone.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:

1. After the storm, they had to compare the roof.

2. The students were inspected on ancient Egyptian history.

3. Two sparks in the wheel of my bicycle were broken.

4. Scientists are testing the new drug to find out if it has any outside effects.

5. July 2009 was the fortieth memorial of man first walking on the moon.

6. Concurrently, the cost of a space holiday is very high.

7. In space, you can have fun with weighty football and gymnastics.

8. At the moment, the main advantage of a space holiday is its cost. It is very expensive.

9. In the next ten years, people will be queuing to lock their holidays in space.

10. The space station will be ordering the Earth at a height of 320 km.

11. Space tourists can make weightless sports in space.

12. July 1969 was when people first laundered on the moon.

13. Space tourists will fly to the space station by racket.

14. The feeling of looking down on the Earth from space is described as logical.

15. Would you like being an astronaut?

16. I'm looking forward to travel to space.

17. My father helped me doing the homework.

18. We really need to spend more money in education.

19. His mansion in life is to help the poor.

20. Activity is the force that makes things fall to the ground.

Future Forms

 يتكون المستقبل البسيط من:

Will / shall + inf.

 لاحظ استخدام will مع كل الضمائر واستخدام shall مع I / we فقط:

 يستخدم المستقبل البسيط مع كلمات مثل:

Next (year/month/week…) / in the future / soon / in a year, month, week / tomorrow / this time next week / this time tomorrow

 I'll meet him tomorrow morning.

 She will visit us soon.

 Where will you be this time next year?

 لاحظ استخدام المستقبل البسيط غالبا مع: