Irregular Verbs:

buy/bought/bought	يشتري	come/came/come	يأتي
cast/cast/cast	يلقي/يرمي/ يوزع	cost/cost/cost	يكلف
catch/caught/caught	يمسك/يلحق بـ	creep/crept/crept	يزحف
choose/chose/chosen	يختار	cut/cut/cut	يقطع
cling/clung/clung (to)	يتعلق بـ	deal/dealt/dealt (with)	يتعامل

Derivatives:

Liquefy يُحول لسائل	Liquid السائل	Liquid في شكل سائل
Renew يُجدد	Renewal تجديد	Renewable متجدد
Melt يذوب / ينصهر	Melting انصهار / ذوبان	Molten منصهر
Energize يمنح طاقة	Energy الطاقة	Energetic نشيط / مليء بالطاقة
Depend يعتمد	Dependence اعتماد	Dependent معتمد / عالة/تابع
Endanger يُعرض للخطر	Danger خطر	Dangerous خطير
Produce يُنتج	Production إنتاج	Productive منتج / إنتاجي
Reduce يُقلل	Reduction خفض / تقليل	Reduced مُخفض
Know يعرف	Knowledge المعرفة	Knowledgeable لديه معرفة واطلاع

Words that go together:

Mass media	وسائل الإعلام	Job opportunities	فرص عمل
Make achievements	يحقق انجازات	Natural resources	موارد طبيعية
Developing countries	الدول النامية	Desert reclamation	استصلاح الصحراء
Developed countries	الدول المتطورة	An urgent solution to	حل عاجل لـ
Press conference	مؤتمر صحفي	Press agency	وكالة أنباء
Under pressure	تحت ضغط	Nuclear disarmament	نزع السلاح النووي
Nuclear weapons	أسلحة نووية	Nuclear reactor	مفاعل نووي
Nuclear fission	انشطار نووي	Nuclear waste	النفايات النووية
Melting point	نقطة الانصهار	Boiling point	نقطة الغليان
Drive machines	يُشغل الآلات	Supply and demand	العرض و الطلب
Reduce pollution	يُقلل التلوث	Disrupt traffic	يُعطل المرور

Read the following passage carefully:

Nothing can live without energy. People, animals and plants need energy to live and machines need energy to work. Today, most of the energy we use still comes from fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas, which have been formed underground over millions of years. We call these non-renewable forms of energy because they can only be used once. Because of this, we need to reduce our use of non-renewable fuels and use more renewable forms of energy like those from the sun, wind or geothermal energy.

For centuries, the wind has been used to sail ships and to pump water. Now it is used to produce electricity. Groups of wind turbines along to the Red Sea in Egypt generate large amounts of electricity. Water is also a renewable form of energy. Huge quantities of water go through the High Dam at Aswan from lake Nasser. This hydroelectric power supplies Egypt with a lot of its electricity. As well as being inexpensive to produce, this clean energy does not pollute the environment.

Other countries depend on nuclear power- power produced when atoms split. However, nuclear power produces dangerous waste which must be stored for thousands of years before it is safe. Accidents at nuclear power stations are extremely dangerous to people’s health and to the environment.

Energy from the sun is probably the best form of renewable energy. Scientists believe that the sun’s energy will last for another five billion years. This energy can now be captured and stored.

It is important for us to save energy in our homes and workplaces in order to stop using up non-renewable sources of energy.

Definitions:

liquid	A substance such as water which flows, and is not solid or a gas
molten	Molten metal or rock is liquid because it is extremely hot.
nuclear	using the energy that is produced when an atom is split or joined to another atom
pipe (v.)	to send a liquid or gas through a pipe to another place
power station	a building where electricity is made
pressure	The force that a liquid or gas has when it is inside a container or place; the force produced when pressing against something.
Coal	is a black fossil fuel from underground.
atom	the smallest part that a substance can be divided into
fossil (fuel)	fuel made from animals or plants that lived millions of years ago
generate	to produce electricity, power, heat, etc.
hydroelectric	using water power to produce electricity
waste	Materials that are left after you have used something, which you want to get rid of because you no longer need them.
wind turbine	A tall structure with parts that are turned by the wind, used for making electricity.

Language Notes:

تُستخدم مقاطع معينة لنفي الكلمات أو عكسها مثل:

 Non-

Renewable	Non-renewable	Smoker	Non-smoker	Alcoholic	Non-alcoholic
Violent	Non=violent	Verbal	Non-verbal	Polluting	Non-polluting

 Un-

Happy	Unhappy	Fortunate	Unfortunate	Usual	Unusual
Luck	Unlucky	Lock	Unlock	Dress	undress

 In-

Convenient	Inconvenient	Effective	Ineffective	Efficient	Inefficient
Sensitive	Insensitive	Expensive	Inexpensive	Complete	incomplete

 Dis-

Appear	Disappear	Agree	Disagree	Approve	Disapprove
Honest	Dishonest	Connect	Disconnect	Like	dislike

 il-

Logical	Illogical	Legal	Illegal	Legible	Illegible
Legitimate	Illegitimate	Literate	Illiterate

 Ir-

Responsible	Irresponsible	Regular	Irregular	Resistible	Irresistible
Relevant	Irrelevant	Rational	Irrational

لاحظ أن كلمة invaluable معناها very valuable وليس العكس

وأن كلمة flammable و inflammable لهما نفس المعني وهو "قابل للاشتعال" أما العكس فهو non-flammable

Like / enjoy ----------------best/most

► Which school subject do you like most? ► I like English best.

Most = nearly all / almost all

Most students passed the test. = Nearly all students passed the test

most = very  I'm most interested in languages.

the most + adj.  The computer is the most important invention in the 20^th century.

Make the most of = يحقق أقصي استفادة من

 He gave me advice on how to make the most of my computer.

Special (= not ordinary) من نوع خاص/ متميز

Special care رعاية خاصة , special attention اهتمام خاص

The government gives special care to reclaiming the desert.

This is a special kind of cloth.

private تفيد الملكية (opposite: public عام)

a private school مدرسة خاصة a private hospital مستشفي خاص

This is my private life. You have no right to interfere.يتدخل.

لاحظ استخدام صفة بعد How والاسم بعد What

● How + adj. = What + n. ● How old …? = What age…?

● How tall…? = What height…? ما طول/ارتفاع ● How long…? = What length…?

● How big…? = What size…? ● How wide…? = What width…?

● How far …? = What distance …? ● How high…? = What height…? ما ارتفاع

 another + اسم مفرد يعد / one (= one more / a different one)

► This tea is nice. I’d like another cup.

► He lost his job. He’s trying to find another one.

 another + (few / number : two, three,….)

► The woman lived for another ten days.

► I’d like to stay here for another few weeks.

 other + اسم جمع يعد/ (و أحيانا اسم لا يعد)

► I need to discuss this with other colleagues.

► There was certainly other information. ( لا تجمع)

 others + v. يمكن أن تأتى في نهاية الجملة

► Some people are rich; othersالبعض الأخر are poor.

► Some writers are greater than othersالآخرين .

في حالة وجود أحد الكلمات الآتية the / some / every / each / many / any / no / (two, three,..) يستخدم بعدها other :

► Please, John, bring the other chairs here. ► I love my son like any other mother does.

► He gave me one book and kept the other one.

► Steven and three other boys went to the party.

 As well as + v. + ing.

► As well as doing the shopping, he visited some friends.

 It doesn't matter + what / who / why /who /when etc. + جملة

► It doesn't matter what you wear, as long as you look neat and tidy.

 Stop + someone / something from + ing.

►This device stops drivers from driving too fast.

Words often confused:

۩ Find / found / found يجد ۩ Found / founded / founded يؤسس

 Researchers are hoping to find a cure for the disease.

 The town was founded by English settlers.

 Their marriage was founded on love and mutual respect. الاحترام المتبادل

۩ molten منصهر (تُستخدم مع المواد التي تنصهر عند درجة حرارة عالية جدا مثل المعادن والصخورَ)

۩ melted / غير متجمد / منصهر melted chocolate / melted butter

۩ use يستخدم ۩ use up يستهلك / يستنفد ۩ used مستعمل

 Can I use your phone?.

 We used up all the sugar. We need to buy some.  He bought a used car.

۩ leave يُغادر (مكان) ۩ leave for يُغادر متجها إلي / يذهب إلي

 He left the house by the back door.

 He left for London yesterday.

۩ arrive (I) يصل  Your letter arrived yesterday.  She was the last to arrive.

۩ arrive in (Cairo, London, Italy) يصل إلي مدينة كبيرة / عاصمة / دولة

 We arrived in New York at 6 p.m.

۩ arrive at (school / the station/ the airport…)

 We arrived at school early.

۩ reach (T) + مفعول  We reached New York at 6 p.m.لا يستخدم معها حرف جر

۩ reach a decision يصل لقرار/ a conclusion يتوصل لنتيجة

 They were unable to reach a decision.

 ملاحظات عامة علي الأسماء:

 يُجمع الاسم عادة بإضافة حرف s إلي نهاية الكلمة:

● room rooms cat cats book books

 إذا انتهي الاسم بأحد الحروف الآتية o/ss/sh / ch / x / z:

● tomato tomatoes watch watches boss bosses

 ولكن لاحظ:

Piano pianos photo photos

 الاسم المنتهي بحرف y يسبقه حرف ساكن نحذف حرف y ونضيف ies أما إذا سبقها حرف متحرك ، نضيف s فقط :

● baby babies lady ladies boy boys

 الاسم المنتهي بـ f / fe تحذف ونضيف ves ما عدا cliff / handkerchief حيث تُجمعا بإضافة s

● wife wives shelf shelves thief thieves

 هناك أسماء لها مؤنث ومذكر مثل:

● waiter waitress actor actress poet poetess

 لاحظ الجمع الشاذ للأسماء الآتية:

Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	plural
Oasis واحة	Oases	Crisis أزمة	Crises	Phenomena ظاهرة	Phenomenon
Basis أساس	Bases	Child	Children	Man	Men
Woman	Women	Foot	Feet	Tooth	Teeth
Mouse	Mice	Goose	Geese	Person	people