Irregular Verbs:

dig/dug/dug	يحفر	drive/drove/driven	يقود (سيارة)
do/did/done	يفعل	eat/ate/eaten	يأكل
draw/drew/drawn	يرسم	fall/fell/fallen	يسقط
dream/dreamt/dreamt dream/dreamed/dreamed	يحلم	feed/fed/fed	يطعـم
drink/drank/drunk	يشرب	feel/felt/felt	يشعر

Derivatives:

Verb	Noun	Adj.
compete ينافس / يتنافس	competition مسابقة / منافسة	competitive تنافسي
confuse يُربك / يُحير	confusion ارتباك / حيرة	confusing محير / مُربك
retire يتقاعد	retirement التقاعد	retired متقاعد
pioneer تكون له الريادة	pioneer رائد	pioneering (انجاز) رائد
believe يعتقد	belief اعتقاد	believable يمكن تصديقه
collect يجمع	collection مجموعة	collective جماعي
affect يؤثر علي	effect تأثير	effective مؤثر / فعًال

Words that go together

e-mail attachments	مرفقات بالايميل	enter a competition	يدخل مسابقة
have a routine	لديه روتين معين	have lunch	يتناول الغداء
against the law	ضد القانون	break the law	يخالف القانون
enforce the law	يُطبق أو ينفذ القانون	strict laws	قوانين صارمة
natural disasters	كوارث طبيعية	multicultural society	مجتمع متعدد الثقافات
civilized society	مجتمع متحضر	social justice	العدالة الاجتماعية
widen horizons	يوسع الآفاق	human resources	الموارد البشرية
members of society	أفراد أو أعضاء المجتمع	eliminate illiteracy	يمحو الأمية

Read the following passage carefully:

Yehia Haqqi (1905 – 1992)

Yehia Haqqi was one of the pioneers of modern Egyptian literature. As well as being an important writer, he was an expert on Arabic culture.

Yehia Haqqi was born in 1905 in the Sayyida Zeinab district of Cairo. He graduated in law and worked for a short time as a lawyer. In 1929, he began his career as a diplomat and he worked abroad for more than 20 years. The time he spent in France, Italy, Turkey and Libya gave him experiences he later used in his writing.

At the same time as he was working, Haqqi was also writing stories. His first short story, published in 1925, established him as one of the great short story writers of the Arab world.

Haqqi always wanted to help poor and disabled people. He had to go to hospital after an earthquake in Cairo, but gave his bed to a poor person who he thought needed it more. In 1955, he wrote a collection of short stories about the poor and the disabled which won an important prize. Another of his stories, The Postman, was made into a film.

Haqqi wrote in a new way about Arab society and customs in the twentieth century. Haqqi was also interested in the Arabic language and he devolved a new style of writing which is respected today.

As well as writing his own novels and stories, Haqqi also translated Russian, French, Italian and Turkish literature into Arabic. He was a very strong believer in the power of education and supported many young Egyptian writers.

Haqqi died in 1992, but is still thought of as the father of the modern short story and the novel in Egypt.

Definitions:

competition	a situation in which people or organisations compete with each other
old-fashioned	not modern and not fashionable any more
routine (n)	the usual way in which you do things
midday	Twelve o'clock in the middle of the day.
attachment	something you attach to/send with an e-mail
publisher	person or company that produces books, magazines, etc., and makes them available for people to buy
custom	something that people do in a society because it is traditional
develop	to make a new product or idea successful
district	an area of a city or country
establish	to achieve or give someone a respected position in society or in an organisation
law	the system of rules that people in a country or place must obey
pioneer	one of the first people to do something that other people will continue to develop
style	a way of doing or making something that is typical of a particular person, group or period

Language Notes:

عند استخدام the قبل صفات معينة تتحول الصفة إلي اسم جمع:

the poor / the rich / the disabled / the deaf / the blind / the dumb /the sick / the dead / the young / the old / the homeless / the elderly / the unemployed

The poor are in need of our help. = Poor people are in need of our help.

تستخدم a قبل كلمات معينة بمعني (في كل أو لكل) وعادة يمكن أن نستخدم مكانها كلمة per

a day / a month / per hour / per person

He earns 500 pounds a month.

He drove 70 miles per hour.

لاحظ عدم جمع الكلمات الآتية إذا جاء قبلها عدد وبعدها اسم:

Week / second / month / year / minute / hour / day

I usually have a ten-minute break for coffee at midday.

 a five-hour meeting  a three-day trip

ولكننا نقول:

 The trip took three days.  The meeting lasted for five hours.

وفي حالة وجود كلمة time بعد الكلمات السابقة نستخدم 's)) في حالة المفرد و (s') في حالة الجمع:

 in a week's time  in two years' time

لاحظ الفرق بين الكلمات الآتية:

Profession مهنة أو عمل يتطلب قدرا كبيرا من التدريب والتعليم مثل الطب والمحاماة والتدريس

He left the teaching profession to set up his own business.

Work: العمل بصفة عامة ولا تجمع

Peter's work involves a lot of travelling. I have a lot of work to do.

Work: يقوم بتشغيل ( آلة مثلا)

Do you know how to work (=operate) this coffee machine?

اذا جُمعَت كلمة work يصبح معناها مؤلفات أو أعمال فنية أو أدبية:

a work of art  works of art

Job: وظيفة (تجمع) و تشير إلي عمل منتظم يقوم به الشخص لكسب المال

When she left college, she got a job as a secretary.

She has applied for a job with an insurance company.

Career: المستقبل الوظيفي / الفترة التي يقضيها الشخص في وظيفة معينة

He has a long career in journalism. الصحافة

experience: الخبرة (ما يكتسبه الشخص من معرفة ومهارات من خلال عمل معين – لا تُجمع)

experiences : مواقف أو تجارب أو خبرات في الحياة

They offered me the job because I had a lot of experience.

I had some interesting experiences while I was travelling. (= things that happened to me)

experiment : تجربة علمية لإثبات صحة شيء ما أو التوصل لنتائج معينة

 Teachers usually carry out simple experiments in the laboratory.

Words often confused:

 routine الروتين اليومي (ما يقوم به الشخص من أعمال في نفس الوقت يوميا)

 red tape روتين الإجراءات الرسمية

Dressing is a task which we do every day as a matter of routine.

We must get rid of the red tape in government offices.

 mend يقوم بإصلاح (شيء تالف أو لا يعمل)

 amend يقوم بإجراء تعديل أو تغيير في نص أو قانون

The plumber came to mend the burst pipe.

The constitution الدستور was amended some time ago.

win (T/I)يكسـب / يفـوز بـ a game/ a raceسباق / a medal / a competition مسابقة / a cup / a match /

a contest مسابقة / support دعم/ مساندة/ تأييد/ love / trust ثقة/ confidence ثقة / approvalاستحسان /war/loyalty ولاء/إخلاص / friends

Which year was it that Italy won the World Cup?

beat يهزم / يتغلب علي  Holland beat Argentina by 3/1.

gain يكتسب )information / knowledge معرفة / experience / reputation( سمعة

gain (weight / speed / height يزداد في (الوزن/السرعة/الارتفاع))

earn (money / earn a living) يكسب من عمل

She earns $40,000 a year.

 abroad الخارج  aboard علي متن سفينة أو طائرة أو قطار

My father travelled abroad on business.

They finally went aboard the plane.

 other than = except ما عدا

 rather than = in preference to / instead of بدلا من / مفضلا شيء علي آخر

 otherwise = except وإلا

The form cannot be signed by anyone other than yourself.

I think I'd like to stay at home this evening rather than go out.

 You'll have to go now, otherwise you'll miss your bus.

Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:

1. Magdi Yacoub was one of the first heart transplant (engineers – mountaineers – pioneers – volunteers).

2. Scientists are paid to (build – develop – arrive – hide) new medicines every year to help people.

3. In my grandfather's village, they still follow the same traditional (customs – classics – reactions – observations) that he used to follow when he was a boy.

4. My sister loves clothes and buys very (changeable – believable - fashionable – comparable) dresses.

5. The flight attendant welcomed us (aboard – abroad – broad – broaden).

6. A (diplomat - publisher – partner – performer) is someone who produces books, newspapers or magazines.

7. My parents gave me a (coronation – competition – recommendation – collection) of modern short stories for my birthday.

8. Yehia Haqqi was an important twentieth century (writer – plumber – teacher – surgeon).

9. To (deepen – drop – develop - envelop) is to make a new product or idea successful.

10. (Habits – Cultures – Civilizations - Customs) are things that people do because they are traditional.

11. All people must (obey – break – destroy – damage) the law.

12. A (biologist – beginner – pioneer - bystander) is one of the first people to do something that others will continue.

13. A (district – strict – constrict - stick) is an area of a town or city.

14. He cannot work because of his (ability – facility – flexibility - disability).

15. The government has promised to provide more money to help (homeless – homes – the homeless – home).

16. Some people believe that (experiments – experience – experiences – examples) on animals should be banned.

17. I had several bad (experiences – experience – experiments – extensions) during my last trip.

18. There was nobody in the house (rather than – other than – otherwise – other) Ali.

19. Brazil (earns – wins – pays - buys) millions of pounds a year from coffee exports.

20. Winning the gold medal at the Olympics was the highlight of his (jobs – works – career – profession).

21. I haven't had a steady (career – job – work – profession) since last March.

22. The homeless often (live – is living – lives – living) on the streets.

23. Which team do you (export – import – support – report)?

24. I'll e-mail my report to you as an (attachment – amendment – adjustment – appointment).

25. There have been significant computer (attachments – appointments - developments – agreements) during the last decade.

26. It's difficult for a small supermarket to (compete – impede – complete – correct) with the big supermarkets.

27. This book is a work of (infection – perfection - fiction – affection) and not intended as a historical account.

28. He is regarded as one of the (heads – bosses - supervisors – pioneers) of modern science.

29. He wouldn't try to mislead you. It's not his (style – case – condition – circumstance).

30. Of course robbery is against the (court – judge – lawyer – law).

31. Many doctors want to see a law (allowing – welcoming – banning – rewarding) all tobacco advertising.

32. His first short story (appointed – posted – allowed – established) him as one of the great short story writers of the Arab world.

33. In my country, it's the (law – custom – rule – regulation) for women to get married in white.

34. I'm looking for a job which will enable me to (develop – depend – replace – deplete) my skills.

35. There's no fixed (career – profession – routine – position) at work – every day is different.

36. Clothing stores face heavy (connection – competition – communication – collaboration) from factory outlets.

37. Yehia Haqqi was an (expert – experience – experiment – exporter) on Arab culture.

38. The time he spent in different countries gave him (exercises – experiments – experiences – excavations) that he later used in his writing.

39. His collection of short stories (beat – gained – earned – won) an important prize.

40. As well as (write – writing – wrote – to write) novels, he also translated French literature into Arabic.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write it correctly:

1. Yehia Haqqi was one of the pioneers of modern Egyptian literary.

2. Yehia Haqqi was born in a poor county of Cairo.

3. Yehia Haqqi is still thought of as the mother of the modern short story and the novel in Egypt.

4. Yehia Haqqi was a strong belief in the power of education.

5. Yehia Haqqi's novels were translated with many languages.

6. Yehia Haqqi was interested in the Arabic language and he developed a new steel of writing.

7. He worked aboard for more than 20 years.

8. Yehia Haqqi's first short story publish in 1925.

9. Yehia Haqqi is a writer of children's infection.

10. The guide offered tourists information on local customary.

11. He spent a three days holiday in Acapulco.

12. His training as a law affected the way he wrote his novels.

13. This price reduction is due to complexion among suppliers.

14. She sent me her photograph as an e-mail detachment.

15. He wanted to help the poor and the disability.

.