Conditional If
First & Zero Conditionals:
(See unit 6)
2) Second Conditional
If
+ Past simple would/could/might + inf.
تعبر الحالة الثانية عن موقف غير محتمل حدوثه أو شيء مناقض للواقع و تستخدم في حالة وجود مضارع بسيط :
If I knew his e-mail address, I’d send him an e-mail.
I stay up late. I can’t get up early in the morning.
= If I didn't stay up late, I'd get up early in the morning.
He lives near me. . We see each other so often.
= If he didn't live near me, we wouldn't see each other so often.
يمكن أن تعبر الحالة الثانية أحيانا عن شيء مستحيل أو شيء مناقض للواقع:
If I were ten years younger, I'd go mountaineering.
If I were a bird, I'd fly.
لاحظ عكس الجملة في الإثبات و النفي:
He doesn’t work harder, so he doesn't earn enough money.
= He would earn enough money if he worked harder.
لاحظ أنه يمكن استخدام was/were مع I/he/she/it مع ملاحظة أن were هي الأكثر استخداما ومع كل الضمائر الجمع والمفرد:
If I was/were offered a ticket, I’d take it.
She isn’t a scientist. She can’t do experiments.
= If she was/were a scientist, she could do experiments.
في حالة استخدام so أو because بدلا من if تعود الجملة إلي ما كانت عليه قبل استخدام if:
If he didn't eat so much, he wouldn't often get sick.
He eats too much, so he often gets sick.
He often gets sick because he eats too much.
عندما تبدأ الجملة بـ were يأتي بعدها : to+inf.
If he knew the address, he would give it to me.
= Were he to know the address, he would give it to me.
وإذا كانت were موجودة أصلا في الجملة تأتي مكان if:
If I were rich, I would help poor people.
= Were I rich, I would help poor people.
بدلا من If ..not في الحالة الثانية نستخدم:
Without
But
for + n. / v+ing would + inf.
If it weren’t for
Without his encouragement, I would fail.
= If it weren’t for his encouragement, I would fail.
لاحظ صيغة السؤال
What would you do if you saw someone robbing your house?
تستخدم هذه الحالة للتعبير عن النصيحة:
You should expand your business.
If I were you, I’d expand my business.
لاحظ انه يمكن استخدام التركيب التالي في الحالة الأولى و الثانية بدلا من If :
Should + فاعل + inf.
If he takes more exercise, he may feel better.
Should he take more exercise, he may feel better.
3) Third Conditional
If + Past perfect (had + PP.) (would/could/might) have + PP.
تستخدم الحالة الثالثة في حالة وجود جملتين في الماضي البسيط ، مع عكس الجملة في الإثبات والنفي
I didn't know you were in hospital. I didn't go to see you.
= If I had known you were in hospital, I'd have gone to see you.
لاحظ استخدام might في حالة وجود perhaps
He had no friends. Perhaps that’s why he felt lonely.
If he had had friends, he might not have felt lonely.
الحالة الثالثة تعبر عن مواقف مستحيلة لأنها لم تحدث
He didn't see me. He didn't say hello.
If he had seen me, he would have said hello.
يمكن أن تأتي Had بدلا من if :
If he had followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped.
Had he followed the instructions, the machine wouldn't have stopped.
يمكن أن تأتي if في منتصف الجملة في جميع الحالات:
He didn’t travel to New York, so he didn’t see the Statue of Liberty.
He would have seen the Statue of Liberty if he had travelled to New York.
عند استخدام so أو because تعود جملة if إلى أصلها:
If he had been honest, he wouldn't have lied to her.
= He lied to her because he wasn’t honest. = He wasn't honest, so he lied to her.
بدلا من If في الحالة الثالثة نستخدم:
Without
But for + n. / v+ing would have + PP.