Irregular Verbs:

sweep/swept/swept	يكنس	teach/taught/taught	يعلم
swim/swam/swum	يعوم/ يسبح	tell/told/told	يخبر
take/took/taken	يأخذ	throw/threw/thrown	يرمي
tear/tore/torn	يمزق	undergo/underwent /undergone	يتحمل/ يقاسي يخضع لـ / يجتاز
think/thought/thought	يفكر	undertake/undertook /undertaken	يقوم بـ

Derivatives:

Verb	Noun	Adjective
download يُحَمِل	download تحميل	downloadable يمكن تحميله
enthuse (about) يتحمس بشأن	enthusiast شخص متحمس enthusiasm الحماسة	enthusiastic (about) متحمس
bleach يُبيض	bleach المادة الكيميائية المستخدمة في التبييض
mix يخلط / يمزج	mixture خليط / مزيج	mixed مختلط
press يضغط	press ضغطة (عادة مفرد)	pressed مضغوط
recycle يعيد استخدام	recycling إعادة الاستخدام	recyclable يمكن إعادة استخدامه
roll يدور / يسوي	roller بكرة أو اسطوانة
print يطبع	printing الطباعة	printed مطبوع
programme يبرمج	programme برنامج	programmable يمكن برمجته
inspire يلهم	inspiration الهام	inspired مُلهَم

Words that go together

press conference	مؤتمر صحفي	press release	بيان صحفي
reliable sources	مصادر موثوق بها	available information	المعلومات المتاحة
download files	يقوم بتحميل ملفات	household gadgets	أجهزة منزلية
home appliances	أجهزة منزلية	foreign press	الصحافة الأجنبية
local press	الصحافة المحلية	recycled materials	مواد يُعاد استخدامها
internet website	موقع انترنت	design a website	يصمم موقع
enormous challenge	تحدي هائل	enormous obstacle	عقبة هائلة
alleviate pressure	يخفف الضغط	atmospheric pressure	الضغط الجوي
withstand pressures	يتحمل الضغوط	economic pressures	الضغوط الاقتصادية
heavy burdens	أعباء ثقيلة	a controversial book	كتاب مثير للجدل
the seven wonders of the world	عجائب الدنيا السبع	economic disaster / catastrophe	كارثة اقتصادية
economic dimension	البعد الاقتصادي	exceptional circumstances	ظروف استثنائية
an inspired leader	قائد أو زعيم مُلهَم	go dead	يتوقف عن العمل / يتعطل
encyclopedic knowledge	معرفة موسوعية	turn the pages	يقلب الصفحات
casual observation	ملاحظة عابرة

Read the following passage carefully:

In Ancient Egypt, a type of tall grass called papyrus, which grew in the Nile valley, was used for writing and drawing on. Before it could be used, the leaves of the grass were soaked in water, pressed together and then dried in the sun.

The first real paper was made by the Chinese two thousand years ago. In the eighth century, Arab travellers who traded with China learned how to make it, too. At first, paper was very expensive because it was made from cotton, but later it was produced from wood and so became much cheaper.

To make paper from wood, logs are broken into small pieces which are then mixed with chemicals and bleached. Water is removed from the mixture, which then passes through hot rollers to produce continuous pieces of dry paper.

Every year, millions of trees are cut down to make new paper Fortunately, the type of tree that gives us the best wood for making paper grows very quickly, but old paper can also be recycled. Most of today's newspapers and magazines are made from recycled paper.

For hundreds of years, an enormous quantity of paper has been used to produce books, especially very large books like encyclopedias. Now, encyclopedias and other books can be put onto CD-ROMs: special computer disks which can hold huge amounts of information. Sound and pictures can also be put on CD-ROMs.

Many people think that soon everybody will have a computer and we will get all our information from the internet or from CD-ROMs. They believe that public libraries will no longer be needed and that printing will become part of history.

Definitions:

available	if something is available , you can get it , buy it or use it
download	to move information from one part of a computer system to another
enthusiastic	showing a lot of interest and excitement about something
gadget	a small tool or machine that helps you do something
paperback	a book with a soft paper cover.
screen	the flat, glass part of a TV or a computer.
bleach	to make something white or lighter in colour by using chemicals or sunlight.
encyclopedia	a book that contains facts about many subjects.
mixture	something that is made by mixing two or more different substances together.
press	to push something firmly and steadily .
recycle	to put used objects or materials through a process so that they can be used again.
roller	a cylinder –shaped piece of wood , metal etc that can be rolled over and over
soak	to cover something with liquid for a period of time.

Language Notes

۩ fit يناسب (من حيث المقاس) ۩ suit يناسب (من حيث الشكل) ۩ match يتماشي مع (للأشياء)

● That jacket fits you perfectly.

● That blue shirt suits you. You look nice in it.

● Does this shirt match these trousers?

۩ together = with each other معا / سويا ۩ altogether = completely تماما

● You mix all the dry ingredients together before you add the milk.

● It's all right working with him, but living with him would be a different matter altogether.

۩ trade with يتاجر مع ۩ trade in يتاجر في (سلعة معينة)

● India began trading with Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries.

● The company has been trading in oil for many years.

۩ later فيما بعد / في وقت لاحق ۩ (the) latter = the second (الشيء أو الشخص) المذكور ثانيا

● Later that month we got another letter from them asking for more money.

● She offered me more money or a car and I chose the latter.

لاحظ استخدام on مع الكلمات والتعبيرات الآتية :

on an island	on a farm	on foot	on display معروض
on purpose عمدا	on the whole بصفة عامة	on his way to	on holiday/vacation
on the internet	on the telephone	on the radio	on duty في الخدمة
on business	on Monday/Friday	a tax on ضريبة علي	restrictions on قيود علي
an effect on تأثير علي	an influence on تأثير علي	a conference on مؤتمر عن	information on
a book on	on the advice of بناء علي نصيحة	on the plane	on the train
on the menu فى قائمة الطعام	on the staff من ضمن هيئة العاملين	on admission عند الدخول	contact him on يتصل به علي رقم ...

Have = have got = own يملك

 I have a car = I have got a car.

 Do you have a car ? = Have you got a car?

 I don't have a car. = I haven't got a car.

في الماضي نستخدم had للتعبير عن الملكية :

 I had a car when I was in London.

نستخدم will have للتعبير عن الملكية في المستقبل:

 I will have a computer next week.

تستخدم have فقط للتعبير عن الملكية بعد to و الأفعال الناقصة مثل must / should وغيرها ولا يمكن استخدام have got بهذا الشكل:

 I want to have a camera.

 I should have a lot of money to buy this car.

لاحظ أن have تستخدم بمعاني أخري غير يملك وفي هذه الحالة لا نستخدم have got

Have a meal / have a party / have a holiday / have an accident

Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:

Choose the correct answer:

1. My mother has a special (gauge – garage - gadget – garbage) for cutting vegetables.

2. Ali is really (enthusiastic – egotistic – aquatic – fanatic) about his university course. He can't wait for the beginning of the term.

3. I'm going to (downtown - download – downstream – downplay) some information from the internet for my school project.

4. The television picture is really clear. You have an enormous (steam – scream – screen – beam).

5. This novel is not (bearable – affordable – avoidable – available) as an e-book yet, but you'll be able to get it next year.

6. The best thing about a (paperback – paperwork – paperclip – paper shop) is that you can easily carry it and read it at any time.

7. Her brother has not shown any (idealism – symbolism - enthusiasm – patriotism) for any sport of any kind.

8. I wanted to complain to the manager of the shop, but he was (unattainable – unavailable – unavoidable – unbelievable).

9. Today, paper, plastic and glass can all be (recycled – replaced – recited – retarded).

10. Before you can cook these beans, you have to (bleach – drown – sink - soak) them for 3 hours.

11. The story is an interesting (furniture - torture– encyclopedia - mixture) of fact and fiction.

12. You can (press – bleach – approach - attach) white shirts to keep them looking clean.

13. (Encyclopedias – CD-ROMs – Biographies - Screens) can hold a lot of information and are small enough to carry in your pocket.

14. Oil and water don't (fix – prefix – suffix - mix). Even if you shake them together they separate into two layers.

15. To start the machine, just give this button a (bless – brass – press – stress).

16. The vase (pulled - rolled – pushed – walked) off the edge of the table and smashed.

17. These shirts are all (reached – pinched - - bleached – watched).

18. A/An (CD-ROM – encyclopedia – screen - gadget) is a disc on which large quantities of information can be stored.

19. A/An (novel – story - encyclopedia - tale) is a large book that contains facts.

20. To bleach is to make something (right – fight - white – wide) by using chemicals.

21. A/An (process – mixture – operation - development) is something made by mixing two or more things together.

22. To (confess – depress – press - undress) is to push something hard.

23. To (repeat – retreat – renovate - recycle) is to put used objects through a process so that they can be used again.

24. A (roller – ruler – boiler - beaker) is a round piece of wood or metal that can be rolled.

25. To (stock – shrink – soak - remove) means to cover something with liquid for a period of time.

26. Grants are (deniable – available – collectable - enviable) to students who have high grades.

27. Hala was full of (ecotourism – escapism – enthusiasm – socialism) for the plan.

28. You can get this novel as an (e-book / e-mail / e-learning / e-commerce) from the bookshop over there.

29. I'm going to (download – upload – load – afford) some software from this website.

30-When you are reading an e-book, you can turn the pages by (pleasing – deleting – pressing – avoiding) buttons or by touching the screen.

31. When we use less paper, hundreds of forests will be (destroyed – demolished – built – saved).

32. (Recycling – Receiving – Reappearing – Recording) is definitely good for the environment.

33-She is not very (fantastic – climatic - enthusiastic – diabetic) about the idea.

34. When more and more people buy something, the price (goes up - goes down – goes away – goes out).

35. Papyrus was used for (shrinking - writing – counting – sneezing) and drawing on.

36. The first paper was (done – gone – made – looked) by the Chinese two thousand years ago.

37. When paper was made (of - from – in – at) wood, it became much cheaper.

38. Every year, millions of trees are cut (in – of – with – down) to make new paper.

39. Most of today's newspapers and magazines are made from (recited – recycled – removed – redone) paper.

40. CD-ROMs can (hold – catch – touch – fetch) huge amounts of information.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences then write them correctly:

1. In the near future, we will get all our information from the interrupt.

2. Some people predict that printing will become part of geography in the future.

3. He poured the lecture into four small dishes.

4. The Arabs taught how to make paper from the Chinese.

5. Since the invention of paper, boots have been used to educate people and for enjoyment.

6. Some people believe that CD-ROMs will replace laboratories.

7. She bought a little garment for squeezing oranges.

8. To get coffee, put your money in the machine and dress the green button.

9. My cousin is a football enthusiastic. He never misses a match.

10. This information can be viewed on scorn or printed out.

.