Фонетические упражнения
Упражнение 1. Произнесите следующие слова. Следите за тем, чтобы звуки [s], [z] произносились у альвеол:
[s] [z]
sin side nice kites lies dimes pins
silk site miss bits dies lines bills
sick sit kiss sits ties miles sides
pies binds lids
Упражнение 2. Протранскрибируйте и произнесите следую-щие слова:
my mile in pies nice bits
by mild ill ties mice lips
die mind is lines miss kicks
tie kind it sides kiss sits
Упражнение 3. Произнесите следующие слова. Внимательно следите за тем, чтобы при произнесении звука [ð] кончик языка нахо-дился между зубами и чтобы между поверхностью языка и верхними зубами была щель:
than then this [ðis] lithe
that them „this is tithe
11
Упражнение 4. Протранскрибируйте и произнесите следующие слова:
Day, man, mail, than, kind, name, hе, sick, knelt, desks, ties, pay, him, his, lines, middle, kitten, that, them
Упражнение 5. Произнесите следующие слова. Не забудьте ок-руглить и выдвинуть вперед губы при произнесении звука [w]:
way well why twin
we went when twenty
wine wife while twelve
win west white twist
Упражнение 6. Произнесите следующие пары слов. Обратите внимание на различия в артикуляции звуков [w] и [v]:
wain – vein wine – vine wise – vise
will – veil went – vent west – vest
Упражнение 7. Произнесите следующие слова. Следите за тем, чтобы кончик языка находился за альвеолами при произнесении звука [r]:
rain raise train write „marry
rail rag green wreath „carry
ran red French wrap „ferry
Упражнение 8. Произнесите следующие пары слов, содержа-щие звуки [u] и [u:]:
nook – noon foot – food
look – moon cook – cool
book – boot took – spoon
12
Упражнение 9. Произнесите следующие слова. Следите, чтобы после [η] не было гласного звука:
long ring „answering „morning
gong bring „doing „evening
song sing „playing „opening
throng thing „showing „closing
reading „writing „giving „sitting
standing „taking „asking „watching
Упражнение 10. Произнесите следующие слова. Следите за долготой звука [ə:]:
her turn nerve „certain world
sir term serve „curtain word
fur girl third nurse work
burn bird first curse „worker
Упражнение 11. Произнесите следующие пары слов. Обратите внимание на различия в артикуляции звуков [e] и [ə:]:
Ben – burn get – girl well – world
ten – turn set – serve wet – work
stem – tern bet – birth west – worst
Упражнение 12. Повторите следующие звуки. Обратите вни-мание на различия в артикуляции звуков [ə:] и [כּ:]:
burn - born world - warm word - ward
turn - torn curl - corn shirt - short
firm - form worm - warm third – thorn
Упражнение 13. Произнесите следующие слова. Следите за тем, чтобы второй элемент дифтонгов [uə ]и [juə]звучал кратко:
[uə ] [juə]
moor tour mure cure
poor sure [∫uə] pure 'mural
13
Упражнение 14. Произнесите следующие слова, обращая вни-мание на округление губ при произнесении согласного перед [w]. Звуки [k] и [t] должны произноситься отчетливо перед [w].
queen twin twill
quite twinned 'twilight
quest twirl twelfth
question twelve twice
quick 'twenty twist
Упражнение 15. Повторите гласные звуки [i:], [e], [æ], [כּ], [], [ai] и [ou]. Следите за правильностью артикуляции.
[i:] [e]
me green ten well e'leven
he 'easy pen 'yellow 'texbook
she 'evening pencil French 'breakfast
tea 'please friend 'twenty 'question
[æ] [כּ] []
man 'absent on from son
jam match orange dog Sunday
thank 'factory sorry clock colour
lamp 'Saturday tomorrow what butter
[ai] [ou]
I time no 'Soviet
my 'minus go those
bye to'night show hope
tie write hello 'notebooks
Упражнение 16. Произнесите следующие слова. Помните, что звук [∫] мягкий:
shine shave shift fish 'Swedish
she shell sheep dash 'Danish
show shelf sheet dish 'Finnish
14
Упражнение 17. Произнесите следующие слова. Следите за тем, чтобы звук [] звучал кратко:
run lunch bus cup 'funny son 'other
sun luck plus cut 'sunny month 'mother
fun puck fuss shut 'lucky 'London 'brother
Упражнение 18. Произнесите следующие слова. Буквосочета-ние er в конечном безударном слоге произносится как звук [ə]:
summer 'other 'teacher 'letter
number 'mother 'chatter 'better
winter 'brother 'matter 'butter
Упражнение 19. Произнесите следующие слова. Следите за тем, чтобы губы были округлены и слегка выдвинуты вперед при произношении звука [ כּ:]:
door wore born ball 'corner
floor tore corn wall 'former
more store torn tall 'border
bore score form small 'scorer
halt sort short north
salt port fork 'forty
talk sport forth 'shorter
Упражнение 20. Выпишите в колонки слова, в которых содер-жатся звуки [], [כּ], [כּ:], [t∫] и [d ].
Child, fork, clock, class, jam, stage, cup, cheat, born, not, 'funny, chess, door, box, choose, juice, beech, 'summer, 'butter.
Упражнение 21. Произнесите следующие слова. Следите за тем, чтобы второй элемент звукосочетания [auə] не заменялся звука-ми [j] или [й]:
15
wire lyre tired
fire byre fired
hire tyre hired
Упражнение 22. Произнесите следующие слова; не выдвигайте вперед губы при произнесении звукосочетания [auə] – не заменяйте второй элемент звуком [w]:
our 'flower
flour 'power
sour 'tower
hour ['auə] 'vowel
Упражнение 23. Повторите гласные звуки [æ], [α:], [כּ:], [u:], [ju:], [ə:], [au], [ou], [iə]. Следите за изменениями в длительности гласных в зависимости от положения в слове, а также в зависимости от согласных, которые следуют за гласными.
[æ] [α:] [כּ:]
ran shall large glass raw re'corder
ban tank hard class all salt
can thank after last wall su'pport
stand happy article 'basket corner chalk
[u:] [ju:] [ə:]
do boom you early work
too pool new learn 'dirty
through [θru:] food pupil girl 'thirty
soon boot excuse word 'thirsty
[au] [ou] [iə]
how round low 'over near real
allow pound show smoke hear 'really
brown sound own 'yellow spear 'nearly
town out home 'window tear 'nearby
16
Lesson 1
My Family
Grammar: глаголы to be, to have в настоящем, прошедшем, будущем времени, личные, притяжательные и указательные местоимения, множественное число существительных, притяжательный падеж существительных, оборот there is/are, простое настоящее и на-стоящее продолженное время (Present Indefinite Tense, Present Conti-nuous Tense)
Словарный минимум
Существительные:
wife
жена
husband
муж
house-wife
домохозяйка
son (grandson)
сын (внук)
daughter (granddaughter)
дочь (внучка)
grandmother, grandfather
бабушка, дедушка
cousin
двоюродный брат, сестра (кузен, кузина)
aunt
тѐтя
uncle
дядя
brother
брат
sister
сестра
nephew
племянник
niece
племянница
Прилагательные:
rich
богатый
tall
высокий
casual
случайный, нерегулярный, выходной (нерабочий), беззаботный, неформальный
attractive
привлекательный
soft
мягкий, нежный, тихий, спокойный
gentle
мягкий, добрый, тихий, спокойный
common
общий, обычный, простой, здравый
clever
умный, ловкий, способный
outdoor
находящийся вне дома, на открытом воздухе, на-
17
ружный, не домосед
local
местный
close
близкий; близко (adv)
sociable
общительный
quiet
спокойный, тихий
bright
яркий, способный, живой, весѐлый
generous
щедрый, великодушный
tolerant
терпимый
Глаголы:
wear
носить (одежду), быть одетым
get back
вернуться
travel
путешествовать
prefer
предпочитать
study
учиться, изучать
mend
чинить, ремонтировать
entertain
развлекаться
agree
соглашаться
Словосочетания:
to see much of smb
часто видеться с кем-либо
to be interested in smth
быть заинтересованным в чѐм-то
to be full of smth
быть полным чего-либо
to look after smth, smb
присматривать __________за чем-то, кем-то
to go skating (skiing)
кататься на коньках (лыжах)
to be fond of smth
увлекаться чем-то, нравиться
to be going to do smth
собираться что-то делать
to get married
пожениться
to do well
хорошо учиться
to be good at smth
быть умелым, искусным в чѐм-то
Vocabulary Exercises
Упражнение 1. Подберите определения для каждого из родст-венников.
Grandmother, granddaughter, niece, aunt, great grandmother, cou-sin, uncle, grandfather
18
1. Your mother‟s father
2. Your father‟s sister
3. Your father‟s brother‟s son
4. Your sister‟s daughter
5. Your father‟s mother
6. Your daughter‟s daughter
7. Your father‟s brother
8. Your father‟s grandmother
Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу прилагательными.
Tall, soft, common, clever, outdoor, local, close, quiet, bright, ge-nerous
1. There‟s a bus-stop … to the school.
2. Tom is 6 foot … .
3. He is … at arithmetic.
4. The husband is French, the wife is German, and the lodger (жилец) is Italian, but they have English as a … language.
5. He is … with his money.
6. He leads an … life; so you can‟t call him a home-lover.
7. A … boy learns quickly.
8. This is our … doctor; he treats patients of this district.
9. She likes a … pillow and a hard mattress.
10. It is impossible for her to live a … life in the country; she is a very bright girl.
Упражнение 3. Составьте подходящие словосочетания с глаго-лами:
wear
a broken window
travel
to proposal
study
a nice dress
mend
tea to coffee
prefer
by one‟s own car
agree
a foreign language
get back
oneself with playing the piano
entertain
home
19
Text. An English Family
The Cornfords live in Rugby at 28 Coronation Street. John Corn-ford is a rich businessman of about fifty. He is tall and dark. He wears dark suits but at weekends he wears casual clothes. He usually gets up at six, does some exercises and goes to the office. He never gets back before ten o‟clock at night, so he doesn‟t see much of his family. He is interested in collecting pictures of horses. At the moment he is traveling on business in America because he is opening an office over there next year.
Sarah, Mr. Cornford‟s wife, is forty-five. She is an attractive wom-an with blond hair and soft blue eyes. She is kind and gentle, very practical and full of common sense. Sarah is a house-wife. She looks after the house and the family.
The Cornfords have two children: a son and a daughter. Their son‟s name is Steve. He is 22. He is a clever young man. He works at a design office. He is a very outdoor person. He is a member of the local yacht club. When he has a chance Steve and his friends get down to the coast for the weekend, camping there and sailing in competition. He plays football sometimes for a Rugby team, but prefers watching the game, either on tel-evision or at the local ground where he goes with his father sometimes.
Steve has a number of close friends and a beautiful girl-friend, Pau-line, by name. Pauline studies at a teacher‟s training college. Steve and Pauline often go out for the evening to the cinema or else they go skating at the Rugby skating rink. Pauline is a very good skater and she is trying to teach Steve how to skate well. Both Steve and Pauline are very friendly and sociable. Sometimes Steve takes Pauline to the pub where they meet some of their friends and sit and chat for an hour or so and sometimes they go dancing. Steve is very fond of Pauline. They are going to get married in a year.
Steve‟s sister, Alice, is a lovely, quiet, serious girl. She goes to grammar school. She is a bright girl and does very well at school. Alice reads a lot, she is fond of music. She is good at drawing. She takes lessons in drawing at the local art school.
Sarah‟s mother, Grandma, as the children call her, also lives with them. She is in late sixties. Her kind face is wrinkled, her hair is grey, but she is still quite young in spirit. She likes reading and gardening and she often goes for long walks. She‟s a very active person. Either she‟s making something or mending something or doing something to entertain herself.
20
She‟s extremely generous, but not very tolerant with the people who don‟t agree with her.
Text Exercises
Упражнение 1. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
Is the Cornford family large? How many are they? Where do they live? What does Mr. Cornford do? What does he like? What is he interest-ed in? What is he doing in America now? What is Mrs. Cornford like? What does she do? How old is Steve? What‟s his job? Is Steve married? Do Steve and Pauline often go out? What is Alice like? What is she fond of? How old is Sarah‟s mother? What does she look like? What kind of woman is she?
Упражнение 2. Согласитесь или опровергните следующие ут-верждения:
1. John Cornford is a driver. 2. John Cornford is married. 3. Steve isn‟t a very outgoing person. 4. Steve is going to get married. 5. Steve is the only child in the family. 6. Sarah‟s mother lives with the Cornfords, too.
Упражнение 3. Прочитайте следующий диалог и воспроизве-дите его в парах.
My Family
- What‟s your name?
- My name is Richard Fulton.
- Where are you from?
- I‟m from New York.
- How old are you?
- I‟m twenty four. I was born on July 26, 1982.
- How many brothers do you have?
- I have two brothers. The elder one is twenty. He‟s at the Universi-ty. The younger one is seventeen. He‟s in his last year of high school.
- How many sisters do you have?
- I have one sister. She is nine. She goes to grammar school.
- What does your father do?
- He is a doctor.
- Does your whole family live here?
21
- My whole family except my grandparents. They live on a farm near Milwaukee.
- Are you related to Mrs. Rayburn?
- She is my aunt.
Упражнение 4. Ответьте на вопросы ваших товарищей о вашей семье.
What is your name? How old are you? Are you married? Where do you study? Have you got any hobby? Is your family large? Have you got any brothers or sisters? Will you tell us some words about them? Where do your parents live? What are they? How old are they? What are they like? Are your grandparents alive? How old are they? What do they do? What are they like?
Grammar Exercises
Упражнение 1. Вставьте глагол to be в Present, Past или Future Indefinite.
1. My father … a teacher. 2. He … a pupil twenty years ago. 3. I … doctor when I grow up. 4. My sister … not … at home tomorrow. 5. She … at school tomorrow. 6. … you … at home tomorrow? 7. … your father at work yesterday? 8. My sister … ill last week. 9. She … not ill now. 10. Yesterday we … at the theatre. 11. Where … your mother now? – She … in the kitchen. 12. Where … you yesterday? – I … at the cinema. 13. When I come home tomorrow, all my family … at home. 14. … your little sister in bed now? – Yes, she … . 15. … you … at the Institute tomorrow? – Yes, I … . 16. When my granny … young, she … an actress. 17. My friend … in Moscow now. 18. He … in St. Peterburg tomorrow. 19. Where … your books now? – They … in my bag. 20. She … ill yesterday, but now she … fine.
Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски соответствующими фор-мами глаголов to have и to be.
1. I … married. 2. I … a miner. 3. I … a family. 4. My family … large. 5. She … two brothers. 6. We … a fine flat. 7. My wife‟s mother … my mother-in-law. 8. This room … five desks. 9. Her husband … in the army. 10. Sally … green eyes. 11. He … a lot of problems. 12. This man … my uncle. 13. The car … a radio. 14. He … blue eyes and a bad memo-
22
ry. 15. What … you? 16. May … 31 days. 17. … your brother a bicycle? 18. … you married? 19. He … two sisters and a brother, but he … not any cousins. 20. She … strong and young.
Упражнение 3. Вставьте пропущенные личные местоимения в объектном падеже.
1. Ann and Pete are in class. I can see … . 2. He is in the house. Go to … . 3. She is at college. You can meet … there. 4. The text-book is on the desk. Take … . 5. We are late. Can you help … ? 6. Ann is at school. Meet … please. 7. They are at home. May I speak to … ? 8. Pete may be late. Tell … the time, please. 9. I have a lot of pencils. Let‟s look at … . 10. Mary is at home. Tell … to come, please.
Упражнение 4. Вставьте пропущенные притяжательные место-имения.
1. We live in a little village. There are very many old houses in … village. 2. You take chemistry at University. Are there many students at … group? 3. They live in Kiev. Do they live in the centre of … city? 4. He teaches at school. Does he like … job? 5. I have got a large family. I spend every weekend with … family.
Упражнение 5. Перефразируйте следующие высказывания в соответствии с моделью:
e.g. These are our books. – These books are ours.
1. Those are their tickets. 2. Is this your pen? 3. That is our dog. 4. This is his typewriter. 5. Are those your gloves? 6. Is that my umbrella? 7. This is Mary‟s hat. 8. That is my brother‟s house. 9. This is his coat. 10. Are these my flowers? 11. Is that your car? 12. Is that her tape-recorder?
e.g. These pencils are hers. – These are her pencils.
1. Those gloves are yours. 2. Is that dictionary hers? 3. Is that bag mine? 4. That car is ours. 5. The dog isn‟t mine. 6. Those glasses are his. 7. Are these pictures John‟s? 8. Is that shirt his? 9. That newspaper is hers. 10. That house is my brother‟s. 11. These newspapers are yours. 12. This car is theirs.
Упражнение 6. Поставьте следующие существительные во множественное число:
23
A star, a mountain, a tree, a shilling, a king, the waiter, the queen, a man, the man, a woman, the woman, an eye, a shelf, a box, the city, a boy, a goose, the watch, a mouse, a dress, a toy, a tooth, a child, the ox, the life, a tomato
Упражнение 7. Поставьте следующие словосочетания во мно-жественное число:
this tea-cup, this egg, that wall, that picture, this foot, that moun-tain, this lady, that window, this man, that match, this knife
Упражнение 8. Поставьте следующие предложения во множе-ственное число.
1. This is a star. 2. This is a boy. 3. This is a baby. 4. That is a plate. 5. That is a flower. 6. That is a bookshelf. 7. Is this a sofa? 8. Is this a bookcase? 9. Is this a man? 10. Is that a ball? 11. Is a window open? 12. Is the door closed? 13. Is the boy near the window? 14. This isn‟t a moun-tain. 15. That isn‟t a goose. 16. This isn‟t a mouse. 17. It is not a cat. 18. It isn‟t a tree. 19. This man is an engineer. 20. That woman is my sister. 21. That girl is my niece. She is a pupil. 22. This boy has a good coat. 23. I have a good pen. My pen is in the pocket. 24. Has this lady a knife? 25. This lady is that gentleman‟s wife. 26. This shoe is too large for my foot. 27. My tooth is white. 28. This is my friend‟s study. 29. Is this worker an Englishman or a German? – He is a Frenchman. 30. This strawberry is still green.
Упражнение 9. Перефразируйте следующие словосочетания и предложения, употребляя притяжательный падеж.
1. The room of my friend. 2. The questions of my son. 3. The wife of my brother. 4. The table of our teacher. 5. The poems of Pushkin. 6. The voice of this girl. 7. The new club of the workers. 8. The letter of Pete. 9. The car of my parents. 10. The life of this woman. 11. The handbags of these women. 12. The flat of my sister is large. 13. The children of my brother are at home. 14. The room of the boys is large. 15. The name of the girl is Jane. 16. The work of these students is interesting.
Упражнение 10. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя притяжательный падеж:
24
книга мальчика, адрес моего друга, машина Смита, кукла сест-ры, дом этого человека, сестра этой девушки, комната учителей, кни-ги этих мальчиков, дом этих мужчин, дверь комнаты, конец фильма, чашка кофе, ваза с цветами, кувшин молока, бутылка вина, крыша дома, сад моего соседа, радио Попова, кусок мела, реки Сибири, ма-мина кошка, дом родителей, письмо его сестры, коньки еѐ брата, тет-ради ваших учеников, вещи детей, птичье гнездо, отец моего друга, сумка Тома, словари студентов, книга нашего учителя.
Упражнение 11. Переведите на русский язык предложения.
1. There is a river in this forest. The river is in this forest. 2. There are books and magazines in my bag. The books and magazines are in the bag. 3. There is a copy-book on the table. The copy-book is on the table. 4. There is hot tea and cheese on the table. The hot tea and cheese are on the table. 5. There are pupils and a teacher in the classroom. The pupils and the teacher are in the classroom. 6. There is a museum in the street. The museum is in the street. 7. There is a book and two magazines on the shelf. The book and two magazines are on the shelf.
Упражнение 12. Поставьте глаголы в следующих предложени-ях в прошедшем и будущем временах:
1. There are many trees in our garden. 2. There is a trolley-bus stop near my office. 3. There are some mistakes in his dictation. 4. There is a piece of chalk on the table. 5. There is much snow in the street. 6. There are many flowers in the vase. 7. There are two pens in my bag. 8. There are three rooms in my flat. 9. There is an airport in our town. 10. There is a carpet in our bedroom.
Упражнение 13. Переведите на английский язык.
1. На этой улице много новых домов. 2. Что лежит на том сто-ле? 3. В нашей аудитории нет карты. 4. Сколько стульев в вашем ка-бинете? 5. Рядом с моим домом есть небольшой парк. 6. На нашей улице скоро будет новый магазин. 7. Что находится на углу улицы? 8. На вечере будет много гостей? 9. В твоей контрольной были ошибки? 10. В вашей квартире есть спальня? 11. Словарь не на столе, он на полке. 12. У них нет книжного шкафа. 13. У меня нет этого журнала. 14. На столе нет этого журнала. 15. Этот журнал на столе. 16. Есть ли в этом журнале его статья? 17. Мой институт на проспекте Мира. 18.
25
Слова этого текста в конце учебника. 19. В этом тексте нет новых слов. 20. В нашей группе было 23 студента в прошлом году, а в этом году их 25. 21. У моего друга очень хорошая библиотека. 22. На на-шей улице будет новый магазин. 23. На столе горячий чай и сыр. 24. В этом тексте нет новых слов. 25. Времени нет. 26. В английском ал-фавите 26 букв. 27. В неделе семь дней. 28. В городке несколько ма-леньких парков. 29. У меня нет времени. 30. В комнате три окна.
Упражнение 14. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Continuous или в Present Indefinite:
1. I (to read) now.
I (to read) every day.
2. We (to drink) tea now.
We (to drink) tea every morning.
3. We (not to watch) TV now.
We (not to watch) TV in the morn-ing.
4. They (not to eat) now.
They (not to eat) at the lesson.
5. You (to work) now?
You (to work) every day?
6. He (to play) now?
He (to play) in the afternoon?
7. What you (to do) now?
What you (to do) every morning?
8. What you (to read) now?
What you (to read) after dinner?
9. What they (to eat) now?
What they (to eat) at breakfast?
10. What your brother (to drink) now?
What your brother (to drink) in the evening?
Упражнение 15. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Continuous или в Present Indefinite:
1. I (to write) a composition now. 2. I (not to drink) milk now. 3. I (to go) for a walk after dinner. 4. I (not to go) to the theatre every Sunday. 5. He (not to read) now. 6. He (to play) now. 7. He (to play) now? 8. My mother (to work) at a factory. 9. My aunt (not to work) at the factory. 10. You (to work) at an office? 11. My friend (to live) in St. Petersburg. 12. My cousin (not to live) in Moscow. 13. The children (not to sleep) now. 14. You (to play) chess now? 15. Look at the sky: the clouds (to move) slowly, the sun (to appear) from behind the clouds, it (to get) warmer. 16. Listen! Who (to play) the piano in the next room? 17. It (to take) me forty minutes to get to the University. 18. Michael (to know) German rather well. 19. When your lessons (to begin) on Monday? 20. The dog (to lie) on the floor.
26
Test № 1
Family
Выберите правильный ответ.
1. Your … is a girl or a woman who has the same parents as you.
a) sister; b) cousin; c) aunt.
2. Your … is the brother of your mother or father, or the husband of your aunt?
a) cousin; b) uncle; c) nephew.
3. Your … is the daughter of your sister or brother.
a) cousin; b) niece; c) nephew.
4. Mr and Mrs. Brown are … .
a) brother and sister; b) husband and wife; c) cousins.
5. What is the secret of a happy … ?
a) wedding; b) marrying; c) marriage.
6. When you look after somebody you …
a) take care of them; b) travel with them; c) agree to them.
7. You should … children to be generous, not selfish.
a) wear; b) mend; c) bring up.
8. Group of parents and children is called … .
a) grandparents; b) family; c) aunts and uncles.
9. … is someone who you know well and like, but who is not re-lated to you.
a) relative; b) friend; c) brother.
10. Someone‟s … is the son of your sister or brother.
a) cousin; b) nephew; c) niece.
11. Your … are your brothers or sisters.
a) relatives; b) siblings; c) cousins.
12. Both parents should … their children.
a) take care; b) take care of; c) take care for.
13. A … is a man whose wife has died and who hasn‟t married again.
a) widow; b) widower; c) widowed.
14. … is a child whose parents are dead.
a) an orphan; b) a foster child; c) an adopted child.
15. They are … each other.
a) with love to; b) in love with; c) in love to.
27
Lesson 2
Krasnoyarsk
Grammar: местоимения some, any, no и их производные; неопределён-ные местоимения much, many, little (a little), few (a few); порядок слов в предложениях; типы вопросов; предлоги времени и пространства; числительные; настоящее совершённое и настоящее совершённо-продолженное время (Present Perfect Tense, Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
Словарный минимум
Существительные:
fortress
крепость
confluence
слияние (рек), пересечение (дорог)
merchant
купец
century
век, столетие
spectator
зритель, очевидец, наблюдатель
circus
цирк, круглая площадь с радиально расходя-щимися улицами
lore
знания (в определѐнной области)
exhibition
выставка, показ, проявление
branch
ветвь, отрасль; филиал, отделение
enterprise
промышленное предприятие (фабрика, завод); предпринимательство
sight
вид, зрелище; достопримечательности
tributary
приток
chapel
часовня, __________церковь
bridge
мост
achievement
достижение
contemporary
современник, сверстник
reservation
заповедник
Прилагательные:
whole
весь, целый
outstanding
выдающийся
ancient
древний, старинный; античный
scientific
научный
28
educational
образовательный
(non)-ferrous
(цветной) чѐрный (металл)
rare
редкий, необычный
main
главный, основной
powerful
мощный
municipal
муниципальный, городской; самоуправляю-щийся
artificial
искусственный
marvellous
изумительный, удивительный
numerous
многочисленный
craggy
скалистый, крутой, отвесный
adroit
ловкий, проворный, искусный, находчивый
true
истинный, правдивый
Глаголы:
amaze
изумлять, поражать
stretch
простираться, тянуться, растягиваться
include
включать, заключать, содержать в себе
construct
строить, сооружать, воздвигать
preserve
сохранять, охранять, оберегать
produce
производить, выпускать
belong
принадлежать, относиться к чему-то, происхо-дить
depict
изображать, рисовать, описывать
award
награждать, присуждать
appear
показываться, появляться, выходить, оказы-ваться
surround
окружать, обступать
attract
привлекать, притягивать
carve
резать, вырезать, высекать (из камня)
Словосочетания:
to pay attention to smth
обращать внимание на что-либо
to date back to
относиться к, восходить к, вести начало
to go without saying
само собой разумеется
(not) by chance
(не) случайно
to put into operation
вводить в эксплуатацию
from time immemorial
с незапамятных времѐн
29
a great number of
много, __________большое количество
no wonder
неудивительно
Vocabulary Exercises
Упражнение 1. По сходству с какими русскими словами можно догадаться о значении следующих слов:
Оstrog, August, Cossacks, steppe, taiga, status, cultural, bibliophile, opera, champion, professional, theatre, museum, concert, history, econo-my, gallery, complex, list, territory, memorials, intellectual, potential, academy, physics, chemistry, technical, metals, metallurgy, elements, ocean, hydroelectric, symbols, medal, grandiose, unique, traditional, mo-torcycle, tourism, hectares, fantastical, alpinist, guest.
Упражнение 2. Подберите определения к следующим словам:
a) fortress; b) exhibition; c) tributary; d) reservation; e) ancient; f) rare; g) municipal; h) artificial; i) stretch; j) preserve; k) surround; l) be-long
1. Be the property of, be a member of, have as a right or proper place;
2. Belonging to times long past, very old;
3. Not natural or real, made by the art of man;
4. Collection of things shown publicly; display of goods, animals, plants, flowers, etc. shown in competition, for prizes;
5. Fortified building or town;
6. Of a town or city having self-government;
7. Keep safe from harm or danger; keep from decay, risk, loss; care for and protect land, rivers, lakes, etc with animals, birds, and fish;
8. Unusual, uncommon, not often happening, seen, etc;
9. Area of land reserved for a special purpose;
10. Make wider, longer or higher, by pulling; lie on at full length;
11. Be, go, all round, shut in on all sides;
12. (Of a river) flowing into another.
Text. Krasnoyarsk
The fortress (ostrog) near Krasny Yar was built in August of 1628. The Cossacks headed by Andrei Dubensky during their way along the Eni-
30
sey paid attention to the place of confluence of the two rivers – the Enisey and the Kacha. The beauty of these places amazed them – steppes, moun-tains and the taiga stretched for miles around. The ostrog got its present-day name “Krasnoyarsk” at the end of the 17th century. The status of the city was got by Krasnoyarsk in 1690. In the 18th century the Moscow High Road went through the whole city.
Krasnoyarsk is a cultural center of Siberia. In its history there are many outstanding names among which you can find a painter Vassily Su-rikov, a merchant-bibliophile Gennady Yudin, an opera singer Dmitry Khvorostovsky, a choreographer Michail Godenko, a two times Olympic champion in wrestling Ivan Yarigin.
Five professional theatres function in the city: the House of Opera and Ballet, a drama theatre, a musical theatre, a puppet theatre and a thea-tre of young spectators. Besides there are two concert halls, the Organ Hall, a circus, the museum of local lore, history and economy, the Surikov house-museum, a picture gallery and a large exhibition complex. 62 libra-ries are open for readers in the city.
Krasnoyarsk is included into the list of historical places in the Rus-sian Federation. The centre of ancient Krasnoyarsk and historical buildings constructed in the 19th – and at the beginning of the 20th centuries are ra-ther well preserved. On the city territory there are some memorials dating back to the archeology of the Stone Age such as Afontova Hill, Bugach, Gremyachy Log and others.
Krasnoyarsk is rich in knowledge! The city is one of the largest Sibe-rian scientific centers. Intellectual potential is consolidated under Kras-noyarsk Scientific Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Six large institutes, such as Kirensky Institute of Physics, the Sukachev Forest Institute, the Institute of Chemistry and the Computer Center are included in it. There are a great number of schools and 13 high-er educational institutions in Krasnoyarsk. Among them State, Technical, Agrarian, Technological and Teacher training universities, Academy of non-ferrous metals and gold, Aerospace, Medical and Architectural-Constructing academies, Institute of Arts, Trade-Economic Institute.
The leading branch of industry in Krasnoyarsk is non-ferrous metal-lurgy. More than 30 heavy, light, alloyed, rare-earth metals and elements are produced in the city, and the most important are aluminum, platinum and gold. The largest industrial enterprises are the Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant, the Krasnoyarsk Plant of Non-ferrous Metals and Gold, the “Sibe-
31
lectrostal” Plant, the Metallurgical Plant, the Software Plant and many oth-ers.
It goes without saying; the main sight of Krasnoyarsk is the Enisey. Its length is 3, 487 km. On the way to the ocean the great Siberian river takes more that 500 large tributaries. Not by chance it was the Enisey where the most powerful in Eurasia hydroelectric power-stations were built: the Sayano-Shushenskaya (built in 1980) and the Krasnoyarsk Hy-droelectric Power-station (1972). The latter is one of the regional symbols: together with the railway bridge across the Enisey and the Chapel of Pa-raskeva Pyatnitsa the dam of the station is depicted on ten-ruble bank-notes.
Krasnoyarsk bridges also belong to the main sights of the city. The railway bridge across the Enisey built in 1899 by the engineer-mechanic E. K. Knorre was awarded a gold medal at the world exhibition in Paris in 1900 as the highest achievement of technical thought. A gold medal was also won by the world-known Eiffel tower. Unique bridges across the Eni-sey were built by our contemporaries, too. In 1961 a municipal bridge whose length is 2,100 meters was put into operation. But the Oktyabrsky road-transport bridge across the Enisey built in 1986 appeared to be even more grandiose; with 41 meters in width and its length is more than 5 ki-lometers.
Krasnoyarsk is a city of mass and professional sports. Twice it was the capital of All-Union Winter Spartakiads. It happened not only because of the unique sports centers in the city: there are three Palaces of Sports with artificial ice, 15 stadiums, 11 swimming pools, 12 skating rinks, 106 football fields, 208 sports halls, a complex of jumping-off places, among them there is a one hundred ski-jump, the biggest in Russia, but also be-cause of a traditional interest of Siberians to sports. No wonder that such kinds of sports as wrestling and Greco-Roman one, judo, ice-hockey, rug-by and motorcycle races on the ice are loved by the people of Krasnoyarsk.
Marvelous nature surrounding the city makes for the development of tourism. Next to the city there is a wonderful state reservation “Stolby” at-tracting numerous tourists. It was organized in 1925. Here craggy rocks tower above the taiga on the territory numbering 47,000 hectares. They are about one hundred. For million years rains and winds, the cold and the sun were carving fantastical figures from these wild rocks. People named them differently: “Devil‟s Finger”, “Big Golden Eagle”, “Totem”, “Lion Gates”, “Gryphon”, “Feathers”, etc.
32
From time immemorial the reserve has been the favorite resting place of the Krasnoyarsk citizens. The most famous Krasnoyarsk alpinists the Abalakov brothers began their way to the peaks beyond the clouds from “Stolby”. Every generation of Siberian people were taught here, on “Stol-by”, to be adroit and brave, to be a true friend and to love. And no wonder that Krasnoyarsk citizens always bring their dearest guest, the nearest man to “Stolby” “to run on the rocks together”.
Text Exercises
Упражнение 1. Что значат эти даты в истории Красноярска:
1900, 1961, 1986, 1925, 1690, 1628, 1972?
Упражнение 2. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1) Who founded Krasnoyarsk and when?
2) Why did the Cossacks choose this place for the future town?
3) Why can one call Krasnoyarsk a cultural centre of Siberia?
4) Are there many historical buildings and monuments in Kras-noyarsk?
5) Where is knowledge and science consolidated in Krasnoyarsk?
6) What kinds of industries are leading ones in our city?
7) What is the connection between Krasnoyarsk and ten-ruble banknotes?
8) Why are the bridges over the Enisey called unique?
9) What kinds of sports are loved by people of Krasnoyarsk?
10) What can your say about the reservation “Stolby”? Have you been there?
Упражнение 2. Скажите, какая информация о Красноярске бы-ла вам неизвестна.
Упражнение 3. Прочтите предложения и скажите, о каких дос-топримечательностях и архитектурных сооружениях Красноярска идѐт речь.
1. Before the revolution this building belonged to the Gadalovs. Children like to visit it.
33
2. This building is one of the most beautiful constructions of the city. It was built in 1978 when we celebrated the 350th anniversary of the city‟s foundation.
3. In this building you can find any book you want. Besides, there are journals, newspapers, manuscripts and a large department of foreign literature.
4. Among the dark wooden houses there is an unusual structure in red bricks. It‟s the former Roman Catholic Church built in 1911 according to the plan of the Krasnoyarsk architect Sokolovsky. One can find here all the features of South French Gothic of the middle ages.
5. It was founded in 1828 by order of the first Yeniseisk governor Stepanov on the territory of natural forest and is one of the most favorite places of rest of the citizens of Krasnoyarsk. In summer a children‟s rail-way, one of the first in the country, is functioning here.
6. This building of oriental style was built in 1929 to the design of the Krasnoyarsk architect I. Chernishov. It looks very much like an ancient Egyptian temple.
7. It was built in 1855 on the place of the former watch tower on the hill overlooking the Katscha River. At the beginning of the 17th century day and night round there was a sentry-post with guards keeping watch over the environs and signaling with flash-lights in case of danger.
Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Красноярск расположен в очень красивом месте: вокруг тай-га, горы и степи.
2. Наш город был основан казаками во главе с Андреем Дубен-ским в августе 1628 года на месте слияния Енисея и Качи.
3. Многие выдающиеся имена есть в его истории, например, художник Суриков, купец-библиофил Юдин, оперный певец Хворо-стовский, олимпийский чемпион Ярыгин.
4. В Красноярске есть пять профессиональных театров, орган-ный зал, краеведческий музей, два концертных зала и выставочный комплекс.
5. Такие университеты, как государственный, технический, аг-рарный, технологический, педагогический, а также академии цветных металлов и золота, аэрокосмическая, медицинская и архитектурно-строительная позволяют студентам получить престижные профессии.
34
6. На производственных предприятиях Красноярска произво-дят сплавы, тяжѐлые, лѐгкие и редкоземельные металлы.
7. Благодаря десятирублѐвой банкноте вся страна знает, что в Красноярске есть гидроэлектростанция, часовня Параскевы Пятницы и железнодорожный мост через Енисей.
8. В Красноярске очень любят такие виды спорта, как вольная и греко-римская борьба, регби, мотогонки на льду, хоккей с мячом.
9. Самая главная достопримечательность Красноярска – запо-ведник «Столбы»; с незапамятных времѐн заповедник – это любимое место отдыха жителей города.
10. На территории в 47000 гектаров расположены удивитель-ные скалы, многие из которых имеют имена: «Чѐртов Палец», «Льви-ные Ворота», «Большой Беркут», «Перья» и другие.
11. Каждое поколение сибиряков училось здесь, на «Столбах», быть смелыми, храбрыми, любить и быть настоящим другом; неуди-вительно, что красноярцы всегда зовут своих гостей и друзей на «Столбы», чтобы «пробежаться по скалам вместе».
Упражнение 5. Аудирование. Прослушайте рассказ о неболь-шом городке неподалѐку от Лондона.
An English Town
Dorking is a small town about 25 miles south of London. Most of the buildings in Dorking are at least 100 years old. The church is about 150 years old, and many of the houses are of that age. One street, West Street, is very old. It is full of antique shops, and many of them are in 17th-century buildings. There are also many old pubs in Dorking and one old hotel. But not all the buildings in the town are old; there is also a modern shopping centre and a very new sports centre. There are many restaurants in Dorking and a lot of shops; there are two supermarkets, but no depart-ment stores. Every Friday, there is a market in the town.
Dorking‟s communications are very good. There are three railway stations, with lines going north to London, west to Guildford and east to Gatwick, London‟s second airport. Dorking is also close to the M25, which is the motorway that goes around London. Another road, the A24, goes north to London and south to the coast.
35
Упражнение 6. Опираясь на содержание приведѐнного выше отрывка, подберите английский перевод этих слов на русском языке.
1. At least
а) побережье
2. Full
б) антикварные магазины
3. Antique shops
в) пути сообщения
4. Pub
г) рынок
5. Modern
д) современный
6. Sports centre
е) паб
7. Market
ж) как минимум
8. Communications
з) аэропорт
9. Airport
и) спорткомплекс
10. Coast
к) полный
Упражнение 7. Ответьте на вопросы, относящиеся к тексту о Доркинге.
1. How far is Dorking from London?
2. How old is the church?
3. Where can you find antique shops?
4. Is the town hall an old building?
5. How many supermarkets are there in Dorking?
6. How many department stores are there?
7. Which day is market day?
8. Where does the railway line north go to?
9. What is Gatwick?
10. Where does the A24 south go to?
Упражнение 8. По образцу описания Доркинга попробуйте на-писать небольшой рассказ о российском городе, который вам хорошо знаком.
Grammar Exercises
Упражнение 1. Вставьте some, any или no там, где это необхо-димо.
1. There are … schools in this street. 2. Are there … pictures in your book? 3. There are … flowers here in winter. 4. I can see … children in the yard. They are playing. 5. Are there … new buildings in your street?
36
6. Do you like … apples? 7. There are … people in the park because it is cold. 8. I see … boys in the garden, but Mike is not among them. 9. Give me … tea, please, I‟m thirsty. 10. Do you want … milk in your coffee? 11. Have you got … time to spare? I‟d like to ask you … questions. 12. My brother doesn‟t like … carrots. 13. Is there … cheese on the plate? 14. My mother likes … music. 15. There is … ham on the plate. 16. There is … tea in the cup: the cup is empty. 17. Are there … sweets in your bag? – Yes, there are … . 18. Is there … paper on the table? 19. It is winter. There are … leaves on the trees. 20. People need … oxygen for breathing.
Упражнение 2. Поставьте следующие предложения в вопроси-тельную и отрицательную форму:
1. They have done something. 2. He has given them some money. 3. You have brought something for us. 4. I have taken some English books from you. 5. She was reading something. 6. He has written a letter to somebody. 7. Somebody by the name of Petrov lives on the third floor. 8. They have some English books. 9. Peter has something in his box. 10. She has seen this man somewhere.
Упражнение 3. Вставьте одно из следующих слов:
a) something, anything, nothing, everything.
1. Give me … to read, please. – With pleasure. 2. I don‟t know … about your town. Tell me … about it. 3. Please give me … warm: it is cold here. 4. I understand ... now. Thank you for your explanation. 5. There is … white in the bottle. What is it?
b) somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody.
1. Did he ask … to help him? 2. I have seen … I know at the lec-ture. 3. Do you really think that … visits this place? 4. … knows that water is necessary for life. 5. There is … in the next room. I don‟t know him.
c) somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere.
1. You must go … next summer. 2. Did you go … on Sunday? 3. Let‟s go … . The weather is fine. 4. I can find my glasses … . I always put them … and then look for them. 5. Today is a holiday. The streets are full of people. There are flags, banners and flowers … .
Упражнение 4. Переведите на английский язык следующие па-ры слов:
37
а) много тетрадей, много молока, много воды, много дней, много газет, много мела, много снега, много лет, много картин, много музыки, много девочек, много чая, много лимонов, много мяса, много комнат, много учителей, много работы, много воздуха, много птиц, много машин;
б) мало домов, мало чая, мало чашек, мало яблок, мало окон, мало бумаги, мало кофе, мало статей, мало радости, мало супу, мало деревьев, мало травы, мало детей, мало игрушек, мало света, мало парт, мало колбасы, мало сока, мало книг, мало цветов, мало соли, мало друзей, мало дворцов;
в) немного денег, мало денег, несколько стульев, мало стульев, несколько песен, мало песен, немного веселья, мало веселья, мало мальчиков, мало воды, немного воды, несколько человек, мало возду-ха, мало столов, несколько минут, несколько кошек, немного удачи, несколько дней, мало работы, немного соли, несколько ложек, мало света, мало окон, несколько машин, немного сахару, мало яиц, мало сыра.
Упражнение 5. Из предложенных слов составьте:
а) повествовательные предложения
1. Spaghetti, likes, much, Janet, very.
2. On, work, can, Monday, we, start.
3. A, Jane, her, party, met, friends, at.
4. You, doesn‟t, dance, to, she, with, want.
5. Winter, it, in, cold, isn‟t, in, England.
6. To, radio, listen, I‟d, to, like, the.
7. Has, on, my, flat, a, sixth, friend‟s, got, the, family, floor.
8. Cinema, we, to, tonight, are, the, going.
9. Bus, we, excursion, are, by, going, an, on.
10. At, he, lunch, o‟clock, always, has, 1.
б) вопросительные предложения
1. Moment, what, you, at, are, the, wearing?
2. Living, you, were, where, you, started, when, school?
3. Go, you, where, holiday, were, did, child, when, you, on, a?
4. Play, any, the, at, sports, weekend, you, do?
5. Up, time, morning, what, did, get, this, you?
6. Pyramids, Egypt, ever, to, to, been, the, have, see, you?
38
7. Mother, look, you, your, like, do?
8. Work, for, you, do, company, which?
Упражнение 6. Задайте общие вопросы к предложениям:
Example: My brother likes skating. – Does my brother like skating?
1. He translates a lot of letters into English. 2. Little children like to ask many questions. 3. Their classes will last till four of clock tomorrow. 4. You‟ve already done this task. 5. My children are at college. 6. She can play the guitar very well. 7. There are many people in the library now. 8. He has already read a lot of English books. 9. She spends a lot of time on her English. 10. I will show you how to do it.
Упражнение 7. Задайте альтернативные вопросы к выделен-ным словам (число вопросов указано в скобках):
Example: My brother likes skating (3). –
Does your brother like skating or skiing?
Does your or his brother like skating?
Does your brother or Pete like skating?
1. The film was exciting (2). 2. Thousands of people have visited the exhibition (2). 3. He watches TV every day (3). 4. They can go to the country on Friday (3). 5. She has painted the walls (3).
Упражнение 8. Задайте разделительные вопросы:
Example: She has already come. – She has already come, hasn’t she?
1. They will return in a month. 2. Open the window. 3. I‟m late. 4. There is a theatre in the centre of the city. 5. She has never been to the Zoo. 6. Don‟t go there. 7. Peter and Ann know English well. 8. He didn‟t do his homework. 9. Let‟s go to the country. 10. Nobody has come yet. 11. She won‟t be playing the piano at twelve. 12. They can‟t speak Ger-man at all. 13. She knows him. 14. There weren‟t any mistakes in his dic-tation. 15. It isn‟t raining now.
Упражнение 9. Задайте специальные вопросы к предложениям (число вопросов указано в скобках):
Example: We are going to Moscow soon (3). –
Who is going to Moscow?
Where are we going soon?
39
When are we going to Moscow?
1. My working day lasts eight hours. (3) 2. I have read this book in the original. (3) 3. They were watching TV when I came. (4) 4. I was ab-sent because I was ill. (2) 5. It takes me two hours to get there. (2) 6. They are going to travel by car. (3) 7. I always speak English to him. (3) 8. She will do the work in two days‟ time. (3). 9. I can teach you to swim. (3) 10. We have known the Browns for twenty years already. (3)
Упражнение 10. Дополните предложения предлогами времени at, in, on, from … till, since, by, for:
1. We have been friends … childhood. 2. She will be at the Institute … 10 a.m. … 3 p.m. 3. She has lived in St. Petersburg … 1970. 4. I shall read this book … the end of the week. 5. I haven‟t spoken to him … 2 months. 6. Do you think he is going to stay … ever? 7. He bought the car … August. 8. He never comes to class … time. 9. She arrived … five o‟clock in a taxi. 10. Every morning I get on the bus … 8.30. 11. I won‟t be back … several hours. You should eat without me. 12. Everyone fi-nished dinner … seven o‟clock. 13. Will you lend me your pen … a minute? 14. I have known Dan ... many years. 15. I have been working on this … two hours. 16. He gets up … seven o‟clock … the morning and goes to bed … eleven. 17. His office hours are … ten … six. 18. The train will leave … two minutes. 19. I was not there … last summer. 20. Can you meet me … Friday afternoon? 21. She always visits me … Sundays. 22. It‟s very cool here … the evening. 23. I met her … 1982. 24. She got many nice presents … her birthday. 25. They may stay in Europe … several months.
Упражнение 11. К предложениям (левая колонка) подберите их логические окончания (правая колонка).
1. He put his pen and pencils …
1) on a small table
2. There is a cat …
2) into a pencil-box
3. There is a TV set …
3) on the wall
4. There are green curtains …
4) in the garden
5. There is a round table …
5) in the garden
6. There are some pictures …
6) above sea level
7. The children are playing …
7) across the street
8. There are four chairs …
8) from the table
40
9. The children like to run …
9) above the writing-desk
10. The bus-stop is …
10) across the river
11. The bed is …
11) on the windows
12. Take the book …
12) out of your school-bag
13. There is a lamp …
13) to school
14. The dog is …
14) are running along the street
15. Take the text-book … and be-gin to read.
15) in front of the house
16. Ann is 8, she goes …
16) on the roof of the house
17. Cars and buses …
17) and took off his hat
18. The man entered the room …
18) in the middle of the room
19. When the mist is thick …
19) you cannot see anything through it
20. There is a comfortable arm-chair …
20) in the corner of the room
21. There is a beautiful lake …
21) round the table
22. Ben Nevis is 4.406 feet …
22) between these two maps
23. There was a bridge …
23) under the table
24. There was a small garden …
24) at the wall
25. I can‟t see any difference …
25) near the house
Упражнение 12. а) Напишите по-английски словами:
3; 13; 30; 4; 14; 49; 5; 15; 50; 8; 18; 80; 12; 100; 226; 705; 1, 000; 4, 568; 6, 008; 75,137; 425, 712; 1, 306, 527; 2, 032, 678.
б) Ответьте на вопросы. Напишите числительные полностью.
1. How many minutes are there in two hours? 2. How many kilome-ters are there in a mile? 3. What is your normal temperature? 4. How much do you weigh? 5. How many cents are there in $2.5? 6. How many days are there in a year? 7. When were you born? 8. What is your telephone number? 9. What is the number of your flat? 10. What is the approximate population of Russia?
Упражнение __________13. Переведите предложения на русский язык, объясните употребление времѐн.
1. I have been to Paris. 2. I have been waiting for you since 12 o‟clock. 3. For how long have they been sleeping? 4. I‟ve forgotten your name. 5. I‟ve been waiting here since three o‟clock. 6. Has he closed the door? 7. I‟ve been drinking too much. 8. Look at my hands! I‟ve been
41
cleaning your shoes. 9. She has just come; she will speak to you in a minute. 10. I suppose you have been telling lies again. 11. It has been rain-ing all the morning. 12. He has written his name on my book. 13. The boy has been fishing since early morning. 14. We haven‟t met since Christmas. 15. For a week you have been promising to take me for a walk.
Упражнение 14. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuous.
1. John is in the room, he (to sit) there since the morning. 2. You look very upset. What (to happen)? 3. John, do you know where my bag is? I (to look) for it half an hour and I can‟t find it. 4. Look, your brother (to dance) with that red-haired girl since she came into the room. 5. He (to sleep) soundly for two hours and I (to forget) to wake him. 6. She (to teach) at school for twenty years. 7. The children (to sleep) for six hours. 8. He (to live) in Stockholm since last year. 9. Where is George? I‟m afraid he (to drink) all the night. 10. This girl never (to see) the sea. 11. What … you (to eat)? Your lips and chin are purple! 12. I‟m feeling un-well so I (not, eat) anything today. 13. Our firm (to make) biscuits ever since the reign of Charles II. 14. … anyone here (to lose) a silver pencil? 15. I (to wait) for you for ages. Thanks heavens you‟re here at last!
Упражнение 15. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. В столовой есть кто-нибудь? 2. В саду никого нет. 3. В сумке что-то есть. 4. Мой дядя хочет мне что-то сказать. 5. В нашей библио-теке есть кое-какие книги на английском языке. 6. Мой брат знает всех в этом офисе. 7. Расскажите нам всѐ о вашем путешествии. 8. На столе ничего нет. 9. На столе лежит что-то круглое. Что это? 10. Он где-то в саду. 11. Кто-нибудь хочет посмотреть телевизор? 12. Я ни-кого не знаю в этом городе. 13. Дай мне что-нибудь поесть. 14. Я тра-чу много времени на английский язык и знаю уже много английских слов. 15. В реке было мало воды. 16. Моя мама немного знает немец-кий язык. 17. Это замечательное место, давайте останемся здесь не-много дольше. 18. Я очень много знаю об этом авторе. 19. Твоя сест-ра много читает? – Да. А твой брат? – Нет. У него так много книг, но он так мало читает. 20. Что вы любите делать по субботам? 21. Вы не любите детективы? 22. Вы всегда покупаете молоко здесь? 23. Поче-му он не работает здесь? 24. Где он обычно гуляет? 25. Его отец рабо-тает в офисе, не правда ли? 26. У него есть квартира, не так ли? 27.
42
Она не знает его, не так ли? 28. Он уже прочитал эту книгу, не так ли? 29. У нас нет еѐ ручки, не так ли? 30. Его никто здесь не знает, не так ли? 31. На чѐм вы ездите на работу? 32. О ком она пишет книгу? 33. О чѐм они разговаривают на работе? 34. Для чего он хочет купить эту картину? 35. В комнате много людей, не так ли? 36. Сколько у вас де-тей? 37. Куда вы ходите по воскресеньям? 38. У него есть брат или сестра? 39. Твоя квартира большая или маленькая? – В ней три ком-наты, но она маленькая. 40. Собака бегает вокруг дома. 41. Вокруг стола находятся четыре стула. 42. Кошка сидит под столом. 43. У ок-на маленький стол. 44. Вынь книгу из сумки и положи еѐ на стол. 45. Она любит поспать после обеда. 46. Я не разговаривал с ним два ме-сяца. 47. Сколько дней вы уже читаете эту книгу? 48. Кукушки не строят гнѐзд, они используют гнѐзда других птиц. 49. Смотрите, она открывает коробку с шоколадом. 50. Они уже попили чай и теперь смотрят телевизор.
Test № 2
Krasnoyarsk
Выберите правильный ответ.
1. When was Krasnoyarsk founded?
a) at the beginning of the 17th century;
b) at the end of the 17th century;
c) in the 18th century.
2. What are the outskirts of Krasnoyarsk?
a) valleys and rivers;
b) mountains and taiga;
c) lakes and waterfalls.
3. Dmitry Khvorostovsky is a …
a) painter; b) choreographer; c) opera singer.
4. What is Gremyachy Log?
a) a memorial of Stone Age;
b) an ancient building;
c) a modern building.
5. Krasnoyarsk scientific center is situated in …
a) Vetluschanka; b) Mira Prospect; c) Academic town.
6. How many educational institutions are there in Krasnoyarsk?
a) 15; b) 13; c) 14.
43
7. What is the leading branch of Krasnoyarsk industry?
a) ship-building; b) chemistry; c) non-ferrous metallurgy.
8. How many tributaries has Enisey?
a) more than 600; b) more than 400; c) more than 500.
9. The Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Station is …
a) the biggest in Europe;
b) the most powerful in Eurasia;
c) is depicted on ten-ruble banknotes.
10. When was the Communal Bridge built?
a) in 1976; b) in 1961; c) in 1986.
11. Was Krasnoyarsk the capital of Winter Spartakiads?
a) yes, it is; b) yes, it was; c) yes, it has;
12. When was the reservation “Stolby” founded?
a) in 1930; b) in 1905; c) in 1925.
13. What makes for the development of tourism in Krasnoyarsk?
a) artificial ice; b) marvellous nature; c) numerous guests.
14. How many metals and elements are produced in the city?
a) about 30; b) more than 40; c) more than 30.
15. What is the favorite resting place of our citizens?
a) the reserve; b) Afontova Hill; c) the Organ Hall.
Lesson 3
Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
Grammar: степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий; употребле-ние артиклей; прошедшее простое и прошедшее продолженное вре-мя (Past Indefinite, Past Continuous Tenses)
Словарный минимум
Существительные:
department/ faculty
факультет
professor
профессор
docent
доцент
academician
академик
doctor of Sciences
доктор наук
master of Sciences
кандидат наук
gymnasium
гимназия
44
college
колледж
term/ semester
семестр
time-table
расписание
graduate выпускник
post-graduate аспирант
Глаголы:
found/ to establish
основывать
enroll
зачислять, принимать
consist of/ include
состоять из
incorporate
включать
train/ to teach
обучать, готовить
graduate from окончить (вуз)
Словосочетания:
the total enrollment
общее количество принятых
студентов
the teaching staff
профессорско-преподавательский
состав
the Academy of Sciences
Академия Наук
the day department
дневное отделение
the evening department
вечернее отделение
the correspondence department
заочное отделение
a full-time student
студент очного отделения
a part-time student
студент вечернего отделения
a correspondent student
студент заочного отделения
University branch
филиал университета
to function on the basis of
функционировать на основе
vocational school
лицей
а preparatory department
подготовительное отделение
the research basis
научно-исследовательская база
a computer centre
вычислительный центр
a computer class
a training farm
компьютерный класс
учебное хозяйство
the scientific cooperation
научное сотрудничество
to receive a scholarship
получать стипендию
to take exams
сдавать экзамен
to pass exams
сдать экзамен
45
a first (second, third, fourth, студент первого (второго, третьего,
fifth) year student четвертого, пятого) курса
Названия факультетов:
Agronomy Department
Агрономический факультет
Ecobiotechnology Department
Экологобиотехнологический
факультет
Land Surveying Department
Землеустроительный
факультет
Animal Husbandry Department
Зооинженерный факультет
Veterinary Medicine Department
Факультет ветеринарной
медицины
Food Processing Department
Факультет пищевой и перерабатываю-щей
промышленности
Engineering Department
Факультет механизации
Energytechnology Department
Энерготехнологический
факультет
Law Department
Юридический факультет
Economy Department
Экономический факультет
Business and Management
Department
Факультет управления и бизнеса
Foreign (International) Department
Международный факультет
the preparatory Department
подготовительное отделение
Vocabulary Exercises
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие слова на русский язык:
specialist, university, department, teaching staff, test, examination, practice, to enter, to graduate from, Bachelor, Master, term (semester), schedule, syllabus, electives, optional.
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:
университет, факультет, был основан, профессорско-преподавательский состав, научно-исследовательская база, студент дневного (вечернего, заочного) отделения, семестр, бакалавр, ма-гистр, готовить (обучать) студентов, библиотека, лаборатория, ком-
46
пьютерный центр, выпускник, сдавать (сдать) экзамен, проводить на-учную работу, поступить (закончить) университет, усердно занимать-ся.
Упражнение 3. Найдите и прочитайте определение слов, дан-ных слева, в колонке справа:
1) a full-time student
a) is the lowest degree awarded
to a student
2) a part-time student
b) contains schedules
3) a graduate student
c) are subjects or courses
which are optional, not compulsory
4) grant
d) a Degree obtained after a
Bachelor‟s Degree
5) Bachelor‟s Degree
e) studies at a university all the time
6) Master‟s Degree
f) a faculty
7) University Calendar
g) a student who also works
somewhere else
8) schedule
h) is one who has already
obtained one university degree
9) a department
i) money paid for a student to study
10) electives
j) a plan for different activities;
a time-table
Text. The Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
The Krasnoyarsk Agricultural Institute was founded in September, 1953 and had three departments: Mechanization, Animal Husbandry and Agronomy departments. The first rector was the master of Sciences in Ag-riculture, the docent G.A. Chyeryemisinov.
In 1991 the Agricultural Institute was reorganized into the Kras-noyarsk State Agrarian University.
At present, the university has 13 departments: Agronomy, Ecobio-technology, Land Surveying, Animal Husbandry, Veterinary Medicine, Food Processing, Engineering, Energytechnology, Law, Economy, Busi-ness and Management, Foreign (International), Preparatory. The total en-rollments include the students of the day department and correspondence department. The teaching staff includes doctors and masters of Sciences.
47
The department branches function on the basis of the Gymnasium, vocational schools, colleges, and the preparatory department.
The research basis of the University is modern incorporating the computer centre, various research laboratories, the training farm, the scien-tific library, the Publishing House. The students are trained according to the basic scientific schools. The graduates can take the postgraduates‟ courses. The University has established the international scientific coop-eration with research and educational Institutions in the USA, Great Brit-ain, Germany, Austria, Holland, Australia.
The academic year begins on the 1st of September and ends in June. The academic year has two terms (semesters): the winter term and the summer term, when all the students take exams.
The system of Higher Education is being reformed now, as far as it is divided into Bachelor‟s and Master‟s Degree.
The University Calendar is issued once each year. It contains schedules (timetables), syllabuses. The syllabus is a part of the curriculum that will be examined. There are also electives, which are the subjects or courses which are optional, but not compulsory, dependent on choice.
Text Exercises
Упражнение 1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:
1. When was the Krasnoyarsk Agricultural Institute founded?
2. Why did the Krasnoyarsk Agricultural Institute become the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University?
3. How many departments does the Agrarian University have at present? What are they? What specialists does it train? What department do you study at?
4. What are the forms of studying? Do you regularly attend lectures and tutorials?
5. What is the basis of the University departments?
6. What is the research basis of the University?
7. Do you agree that the teaching staff is highly-qualified?
8. With what foreign countries has the University established inter-national scientific cooperation?
9. How is the system of higher education reformed?
10. What is a Bachelor‟s Degree?
11. What is a Master‟s Degree?
48
12. What does the word “schedule” mean?
13. What are the conditions for students to prepare for lectures?
14. How are the best students supported?
15. What terms does the academic year consist of?
16. What are your plans for the coming holiday?
Упражнение 2. Вставьте вместо пропусков нужные по смыслу слова.
1. The Agricultural Institute … into the Agrarian University in 1991.
2. At present the University has … departments: … .
3. The department branches function on the basis of … .
4. The research basis incorporates … .
5. The University has established the international scientific coop-eration with … .
6. The academic year has … terms: … .
7. The system of Higher Education is being reformed now, as far as … .
8. The University Calendar is issued … .
9. The syllabus is the part of … .
10. The electives are the subjects, which … .
Упражнение 3. Определите главную мысль в каждом абзаце текста. Напишите план для пересказа.
Упражнение 4. Перескажите текст “Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University” на английском языке, используя план пересказа.
Упражнение 5. Аудирование. Прослушайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
“At the Library”
The Krasnoyarsk Agrarian University Library consists of the main library in the central campus and numerous branch libraries in faculties. The library exists to serve the information needs of students and teaching staff of the University. In addition it maintains a wide range of basic refer-ence materials. It provides library instructions and assistance to readers, makes available books relating to all subjects taught at the University, and
49
maintains a range of supporting services. The main library provides a lot of seats for readers.
Вопросы:
1. What libraries does the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University consist of?
2. What are the aims of the University library?
3. What additional literature can the students use?
4. What books does the library make available for all the students?
5. Does the library serve the information needs of the teaching staff?
Упражнение 6. Составьте диалоги на основе прослушанного текста.
Упражнение 7. Обсудите в парах (микрогруппах) деятельность вашего факультета.
Упражнение 8. Подготовьте доклад об одном из старейших университетов России.
Grammar Exercises
Упражнение 1. Образуйте степени сравнения от следующих прилагательных:
long, large, thick, comfortable, interesting, good, bad, much, little, few, necessary, possible, difficult
Упражнение 2. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосоче-тания и предложения на русский язык:
a) a better classroom, my best friend, the youngest brother, the most comfortable chair, the worst picture, to know less, to know more, read better
b) 1. In summer the days are longer than in winter.
2. It is difficult to say what profession is the best or better.
3. The longest day of the year is the 21st of June.
4. This article is the most difficult for me.
50
5. It is much more interesting to read books in English than in Rus-sian.
6. This is the best topic for your report.
7. Our university is one of the biggest in our city.
8. This lecture-hall is the largest in this building.
9. This building of our university is the most ancient; it is much older than the other buildings.
10. Nick is the best sportsman in our group.
11. He devotes less time to English than other students.
12. English is easier than some other foreign language.
13. The university trains the best specialists.
14. The library has the more modern stock of books.
15. This idea is more rational, than that one.
Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие словосочетания и пред-ложения на английский язык.
а) самая хорошая аудитория, самая большая картина, лучше, чем, хуже, чем, самый молодой, выше, чем, самый чистый, самая ин-тересная книга, самый короткий семестр, старше меня, моложе его, гораздо меньше, гораздо больше, гораздо лучше, гораздо интереснее, гораздо труднее, гораздо удобнее.
б) 1. Это самый длинный и самый трудный текст в учебнике.
2. Я знаю английский лучше, чем мой брат.
3. Моя сестра знает английский лучше, чем немецкий.
4. Эта комната больше, чем та.
5. Вы должны выполнить эту работу лучше.
6. Чей доклад короче и интереснее?
7. Какая книга вам больше всего нравится?
8. Его доклад информативнее других докладов.
9. Кто самый внимательный в вашей группе?
10. Кто самый занятый (более занят) завтра?
11. Какое здание самое высокое в Москве?
12. Какое учение самое древнее?
13. Осенью чаще идѐт дождь, чем снег.
14. Понять эту концепцию намного легче, чем кажется.
15. Этот преподаватель намного добрее, чем мы думали.
51
Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие пословицы на русский язык. Составьте ситуации, в которых данные пословицы можно ис-пользовать.
1. Better late than never, but better never late.
2. Say well is good, do well is better.
3. Those do least who speak most.
4. East or West home is best.
5. It‟s better to see once than to hear twice.
Упражнение 5. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What day of the week is the best?
2. What day of the year is the longest?
3. Who is the best sportsman in your group?
4. What is the shortest way to the University?
5. Who is the most attentive student in your group?
6. What is the most comfortable classroom at your department?
7. Why do you think the monitor of the group is the most diligent?
Упражнение 6. Объясните употребление или отсутствие артик-лей в следующих предложениях.
1. I met him in a small town. 2. A girl is waiting for you in the room. 3. I have got a father. My father is an engineer. He works at the plant. The plant is big. 4. My son is a pupil. He is not at school now. He is at home. He is having dinner. He is eating soup and bread. 5. I have got a small black dog. It likes meat very much. 6. This is a house. This is Tom‟s house. 7. Where is your sister? She is in the library. 8. Mary is studying English and chemistry this year. 9. At the bottom of the hill there was a house. 10. The day was beautiful, there were no clouds in the sky, and the sun shone brightly. 11. Knowledge is power. 12. Jack was the first to come to the finish. 13. The window is made of glass. 14. Peter is my friend. 15. The dinner was well prepared. After dinner he went home. 16. He plays the leading part. 17. I‟ve bought an apple and a pear. 18. The kids are at school. 19. I walked past the school this morning. 20. I have a great deal of work.
Упражнение 7. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. … imagination and … creativity are … most important things that we can teach … children. 2. … sky is clear and … moon is shining. 3.
52
… elephant is … biggest animal that lives on … land. 4. John is … politi-cian, but he used to be … professional footballer. 5. I‟m always suspicious of … politicians – they want to change … world. 6. What … lovely day! Let‟s take … car for … trip to … country. 7. … life isn‟t always easy for … rich. 8. Did you taste … fish that Henry cooked? – No, I don‟t eat … fish. 9. Why aren‟t you at … school today, Alan? – Because … school is closed – the roof fell in yesterday. 10. I live in … house in London. … house has got three bedrooms. 11. You are always asking for … money. What happened to … money I gave you … last week? 12. I think … com-puters have made life much more simple. – Really? … computers at work are always going wrong. 13. What are ... children doing? – They are doing what … children everywhere do – they are fighting. 14. Jerry studied Maths at … University of East Anglia. – Oh, I didn‟t go to … university. I studied at … Royal Academy of Music. 15. I want to be … actor. – I don‟t think that‟s a good idea. … actors have a very hard life. 16. I‟m sure I heard … sound. – Oh, don‟t worry. I‟m sure it was only … sound of the traffic inside. 17. Pat has written … novel. – Oh, what‟s … novel about? 18. Is John still in … bed? – Yes, we bought him … new bed yesterday. 19. Are your children learning to play … piano? – Yes, they are, but unfor-tunately we haven‟t got … piano at home. 20. … beer contains a lot of vi-tamins. – I know. But … beer in this pub is not very nice.
Упражнение 8. Измените по лицам глагол-сказуемое в сле-дующих предложениях.
1. I had two lectures yesterday. 2. I had no tutorials yesterday. 3. I was in the library last night. 4. I listened to the president‟s press-conference the week ago. 5. I visited London last year.
Упражнение 9. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в Past In-definite.
1. He (to stay) at the university after classes. 2. I (to know) all the words well. 3. She (to study) English at the University. 4. She (to write) the letter. 5. Some years ago she (to live) in the country. 6. She (to make) an interesting report. 7. Last year he (to work) at the farm. 8. Yesterday we (to go) home by taxi. 9. It (to take) me half an hour to get home. 10. We (to see) the film a week ago. 11. She (to find) time to help us. 12. He (to do) the translation without a dictionary. 13. He always (to do) his best to
53
understand us. 14. Last night we (to watch) a hockey math over TV. 15. She (to leave) Moscow the day before yesterday.
Упражнение 10. Измените глагол-сказуемое, поставьте пред-ложения в отрицательную форму (по образцу).
E.g.: I worked at my design. – I did not work at my design.
I wrote a letter. – I did not write a letter.
1. We had our breakfast at the dining room. 2. We wanted to go to London during the holidays. 3. Our English lesson began at 10 o‟clock. 4. Last night I got a letter from my friends. 5. It snowed. 6. Dark clouds ap-peared in the sky.
Упражнение 11. Сделайте следующие предложения утверди-тельными.
1. He did not go home after the lectures. 2. We did not do these ex-ercises. 3. We did not finish our work in time. 4. I did not see this man. 5. He did not know your name. 6. He did not attend classes last term. 7. Her son did not become an architect. 8. It did not rain yesterday. 9. We did not watch TV last night. 10. They did not go home by bus. They took a taxi.
Упражнение 12. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, используя Past Indefinite Tense.
1. Who did you prepare your homework with? 2. Did your friend see the new film yesterday? 3. Where did you have your supper? 4. Did you watch TV last Sunday? 5. What time did you go to bed at? 6. What did you do before classes? 7. Did you hear the latest news over the radio?
Упражнение 13. Переведите следующие предложения на рус-ский язык.
1. It was raining the whole day yesterday. 2. We were sitting and talking for a long time. 3. We were having dinner when my brother came back. 4. What were you doing last night when I saw you? 5. Mother was reading a newspaper while Ann was preparing her homework. 6. It was snowing when you went out of the house. 7. We were working from 3 to 5 o‟clock yesterday. 8. It was impossible to stay indoors because the sun was shining brightly.
54
Упражнение 14. Переведите следующие предложения на анг-лийский язык, используя Past Continuous Tense.
1. Я читал вчера весь день. 2. Вчера целый день шѐл снег. 3. Она переводила статью в то время, когда мы смотрели телевизор. 4. Я встретил друга, когда он шѐл домой. 5. Мы стояли на автобусной ос-тановке, когда прибыл автобус.
Упражнение 15. Составьте диалоги. Задайте вопросы к сле-дующим предложениям, используя:
а) степени сравнения прилагательных; б) Past Indefinite Tense; в) Past Continuous Tense
1. The Agrarian Institute is older than Agrarian University.
2. At present the University has more departments than in 1953.
3. It is much more interesting to be a full-time student, than a part-time student.
4. A good time-table is the most important thing.
5. The best students get grants.
6. The first rector was the Master of Sciences in Agriculture G.A. Chyeremisinov.
7. The scientific cooperation was established with different coun-tries.
8. The new Departments were founded.
9. The system of Higher Education was reformed.
10. The State supported the best students.
11. The syllabuses were being changed when we entered the Uni-versity.
12. Our professor was delivering a lecture when we came into the classroom.
13. We elected two courses which we considered to be significant.
14. We were speaking English when the conference began.
15. We were discussing the new schedule, when our professor came in.
Test № 3
Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
Выберите правильный ответ.
1. When was the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University founded?
55
a) 1953; b) 1965; c) 1991.
2. How many departments does the University have at present?
a) 10; b) 12; c) 13.
3. What are the forms of studying?
a) full-time; b) part-time; c) correspondent.
4. What does the word “schedule” mean?
a) order; b) answer; c) time-table.
5. What is the lowest scientific degree a student receives?
a) Master; b) Doctor; c) Bachelor.
6. What does the word “syllabus” mean?
a) programme; b) style; c) method.
7. What do you call a subject you must study?
a) point; b) optional; c) necessary.
8. What do we call a subject you choose depending on your inter-est?
a) favorite; b) popular; c) elective.
9. How many terms does the academic year consist of?
a) two; b) three; c) four.
10. How are the best students supported?
a) get grants; b) are welcome; c) stay after classes.
11. Who has the higher qualification?
a) Bachelor; b) Master; c) graduate.
12. What is the basis of the University?
a) gymnasiums; b) kindergartens; c) enterprises.
13. Where can the students hold their research work?
a) in the scientific library; b) at the hostel; c) at the park.
14. What is the training farm created for?
a) for practice; b) for food processing; c) for rest.
15. What is the synonym of the word “department”?
a) faculty; b) branch; c) field.
Lesson 4
Great Britain (1)
Grammar: артикли с географическими названиями; повторение пред-логов; прошедшее совершённое и прошедшее совершённо-продолженное время (Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous Tense); по-вторение прошедших времён
56
Словарный минимум
Существительные:
isle
остров
island
остров
total area
общая площадь
surface
поверхность
valley
долина
plain
равнина
population
население
producer
производитель
machinery
машинное оборудование
textile
текстиль
aircraft
самолеты
navigation
судоходство
equipment
оборудование
shipbuilding
кораблестроение
fauna
фауна
mammal
млекопитающее
otter
выдра
seal
тюлень
hedgehog
еж
hare
заяц
rabbit
кролик
rat
крыса
county графство
pilgrimage паломничество
Прилагательные:
deep глубокий
mild мягкий, умеренный
urban городской
highly developed высокоразвитый
chief главный
mountainous гористый
vast огромный
medieval средневековый
terrestrial земной
57
Глаголы:
to be situated
быть расположенным
consist of
состоять из
include
включать
mean
означать
separate
разделять
wash
омывать
vary
менять (-ся), разнообразить
influence
влиять
retire уходить в отставку, увольняться
Vocabulary Exercises
Упражнение 1. Прочитайте, следуя транскрипции, следующие географические названия
Great Britain [′greit′ britn] Великобритания
Wales [weilz] Уэльс
Scotland [′skכּtlәnd] Шотландия
Ireland [′aiәlәnd] Ирландия
the British Isles [ðә ′briti∫ ′ailz] Британские острова
the North Sea [ðә ′nכּӨ ′ si: ] Северное море
the English Channel [ði: ′ingli∫ ′t∫ ænl] Английский канал
the Irish Sea [ði: ′airi∫ ′si:] Ирландское море
the Atlantic Ocean [ði: ′әt′læ ntik ′әu әn] Атлантический океан
Ben Nevis [′ben′nevis] Бен Невис
the Severn [ðә ′sevәn] Северн
the Thames [ðә ′temz] Темза
Gulf Stream [′gΛlf ′stri:m] Гольфстрим
Birmingham [′bә:minәm] Бирмингем
Glasgow [′gla:sgכּu] Глазго
Liverpool [′livәpu:l] Ливерпуль
Manchester [′mænt∫istә] Манчестер
Sheffield [′∫efild] Шеффилд
Brighton [′braitn] Брайтон
Canterbury [′kæntәbәri] Кентербери
Northumbria [nכּ:′ӨΛmbriә] Нортумбрия
Salisbury [′sכּ:lzbәri] Солсбери
58
Yorkshire [′jכּ:k∫iә] Йоркшир
Упражнение 2. Вставьте предлоги:
1. The British Isles consist … two large islands.
2. The UK is made … … four countries.
3. The British Isles are separated … the European continent … the North Sea and the English Channel.
4. The Humid and mild climate … Great Britain is good … plants and flowers.
5. Its population is … 57 million.
Упражнение 3. Используйте выражения в скобках в предложенияx:
a) to be made up of
1. The UK is made up of four countries.
2. The USA …. 50 states and the District of Columbia.
3. Germany …. 16 lands.
4. Belgium …. 3 regions.
5. Portugal …. 2 regions and 18 districts.
6. Mexico …. 31 states and a federal district.
7. Australia …. 6 states and 2 territories.
8. The Philippines …. 73 provinces and the capital.
b) to be washed by
1. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.
2. The USA …. by the Pacific Ocean in the west.
3. Russia …. the Arctic Ocean in the north.
4. India …. the Indian Ocean in the south.
5. Our Far East …. the Japan Sea.
6. Turkey …. the Mediterranean in the west.
7. Egypt …. the Red Sea.
Text. Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is si-tuated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands,
Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their to-tal area is over 244,000 square kilometers.
The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in every-day speech “Great Britain” is used to mean the United Kingdom.
The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.
The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has the beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest – east, centre and south-east is a vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343 m).
There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn (388 km) is the longest river, while the Thames (354 km) is the deepest and the most important one.
The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.
The humid and mild climate of Great Britain is good for plants and flowers. The UK was originally a land of vast forests, today only about 6 per cent of the total land area remains wooded.
The fauna and animal life of the UK is much like that of northwes-tern Europe. Many larger mammals such as bear and wolf have been hunted to extinction; others are now protected by law. There are many fox-es. Otters are common along rivers and streams, and seals live along parts of the coast. Hedgehogs, hares, rabbits, rats, mice are numerous. Deer live in forests of Scotland and England.
The UK is one of world‟s smaller countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80 per cent of the population is urban.
The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world‟s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electron-ics, textile, aircraft, and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding. The largest cities of Great Britain are: Lon-don, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Bristol, and Leeds.
60
Northern England, Midlands and South England – each part of England is different. The Southeast is the most densely populated region in England. The south has a mild and sunny climate which makes it popular both with holiday-makers and with the elderly, who find it a comfortable area to retire.
The county of Kent is known as the Garden of England because it produces a lot of fruit and vegetables which are eaten all over the country. The soil and climate make ideal growing conditions.
Brighton, on the south coast, is a famous seaside resort. There are entertainments of all kinds. Canterbury is a town in Kent with a population of 120,000. It is the religious capital of England. From the 12th to the 15th centuries, it was a place of pilgrimage. The best-known Canterbury pil-grims are probably those who appear in the book by Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Canterbury Tales”, written in the 14th century.
East Anglia is extremely flat, and it is dominated by agriculture. It has beautiful cities with fine historic buildings (such as Cambridge, Nor-wich, Peterborough and Colchester), and it has many sandy beaches and inland waterways. In medieval times, it became rich because of the wool trade.
Birmingham is the most important city in the Midlands, one of England‟s most productive regions, with large industrial areas. There has been a town where Oxford now stands for many centuries – even before 912. The university began to establish itself in the middle of the 12th cen-tury, and by 1300 there were already 1,500 students. Nowadays, there are about 12,000 students in Oxford.
Northumbria is a region of great natural beauty although industry of some kind has existed here for thousands of years. The Ice Age formed many deep valleys in the counties of Cumbria and North Yorkshire, made rivers into waterfalls and left behind hills and mountains. Beneath the earth is coal – the foundation of the region‟s industry.
The Lake District is the central mountainous area of Cumbria and has some of England‟s most beautiful scenery. Since the Lake District is a National Park, there is a special control over building.
The county of Wiltshire is most famous for the great stone monu-ment of Stonehenge. It has stood on Salisbury Plain for about 4,000 years. The scientists still don‟t know why it was built. It could have been an ob-servatory where stars and planets could be observed, a Druid temple, or it
61
was used to store terrestrial energy, which was then generated across the country.
Text exercises
Упражнение 1. Закончите предложения в соответствии с со-держанием текста.
1. The UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated … .
2. Their total area is over … .
3. The UK is made up of four countries: ….
4. The surface of the British Isles varies ….
5. … …. is the highest mountain.
6. … …. …. ….. influence the climate of the British Isles.
7. The Fauna and animal life of the UK is much like that of ….
8. The largest cities of Great Britain are ….
9. The religious capital of England is … .
10. In medieval age East Anglia … .
11. Oxford was founded in … .
12. The Lake District in Cumbria is … .
13. Stonehenge could have been … .
Упражнение 2. В каждой строчке уберите слово, выпадающее по смыслу.
1. The Severn, Ben Nevis, the Volga, the Thames, the Danube, the Missouri.
2. The Alps, the Urals, the English Channel, the Rocky Mountains, Ben Nevis.
3. London, Birmingham, Chicago, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manches-ter, Sheffield.
4. Hedgehog, swan, hare, rabbit, rat, mouse.
Упражнение 3. Согласитесь или опровергните следующие ут-верждения.
1. The UK is situated in the central part of Eurasia.
2. The UK is made up of three countries: England, Wales, Scotland.
3. The capital of the UK is London.
4. The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the Red Sea and the Suez Canal.
62
5. The surface of the British Isles varies very much.
6. Ben Nevis in Wales is the highest mountain.
7. There are lot of rivers in Great Britain: the Severn, the Thames, the Rhein, the Danube.
8. The severe climate of Great Britain is good for plants and flow-ers.
9. Deer live in forests of Scotland and England.
10. The population of the UK is over 58 million.
11. The UK is a highly developed industrial country.
12. One of the chief industries of the country is automobile indus-try.
13. England‟s most beautiful scenery is the Lake District.
Упражнение 4. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. Where is the UK situated? 2. What countries is the UK made up of? 3. What separates the British Isles from the European continent? 4. What is the north of Scotland called? 5. What is the highest mountain in Scotland? 6. Why is the climate of the British Isles mild? 7. What‟s the UK‟s population? 8. The UK is a highly developed industrial country. What does it produce and export? 9. What is the most densely populated region in England? 10. What is the main place of interest of Wiltshire?
Упражнение 5. Аудирование. Прослушайте текст о климате Великобритании.
The British Climate
Some people say that Britain does not have a climate, it only has weather. This refers to three things. Firstly, the weather in Britain is very changeable: a day can start fine and warm, but often end cold and wet. Se-condly, the climate is very moderate: it does not usually get very cold or very hot. Thirdly, the seasons are not as different as they are in many countries, and you can just as easily have a cold, wet day in summer as you can in winter.
Generally speaking, the west of Britain is wetter than the east, and the north is colder than the south. That means, for example, that the southwest is warm but wet; the northeast is colder but drier. Because of the Gulf Stream, British winters are much warmer than many countries with the same latitude.
63
Britain is famous for its fog: think of London in the books of Charles Dickens or in Sherlock Holmes stories and you will think of fog. But Britain is much less foggy than it was in the days of Dickens or Holmes, because now people can‟t have coal fires in London or other big cities. It was the pollution as much as the climate that made Victorian London so foggy.
Упражнение 6. Опираясь на содержание приведѐнного выше текста, подберите английский перевод следующих слов.
1. Firstly
a) неустойчивый
2. Secondly
б) уголь
3. Thirdly
в) во-первых
4. Refer
г) во времена
5. Changeable
д) широта
6. Moderate
е) во-вторых
7. Generally speaking
ж) умеренный
8. Latitude
з) загрязнение
9. Coal
и) иметь отношение
10. Pollution
к) в-третьих
11. In the days of
л) говоря в общем
Упражнение 7. Укажите, верно ли высказывание. Смогли бы вы выполнить это задание без опоры на текст о климате Великобри-тании?
1. Britain is foggier now than it was in the 19th century.
2. It was the pollution as much as the climate that made Victorian London so foggy.
3. The west of Britain is drier than the East.
4. The climate is very moderate.
5. British winters are much colder than many countries with the same latitude.
6. The north of Britain is colder than the south.
7. The weather in Britain is very changeable.
8. The Gulf Stream makes Britain colder.
64
Упражнение 8. Используя описание климата Великобритании в качестве образца, напишите несколько общих предложений о климате России.
Упражнение 9. Прочитайте следующий диалог. Составьте со своим товарищем свой диалог о Великобритании.
- Hello, John! I haven‟t seen you for a long time. Where have you been?
- Hello, Mary! I have been in Great Britain since September.
- Oh, it is so great! What‟s your impression?
- I like that country, its friendly people, its way of life, its traditions. I visited many places and now I have known much about Great Britain.
- As far as I know, Great Britain is such a small country!
- Yes, its total area is over 244,000 square km. And I have been in all parts of Great Britain: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
- What about nature? Are there many mountains, rivers?
- Yes, there are a lot of rivers, but they are not very long. And mountains are not very high.
- Excuse me, John! But I must hurry, I have a lecture. Next time we‟ll talk about your trip. See you soon.
- OK. Good-bye, Mary.
Grammar exercises
Упражнение 1. Употребите Past Continuous в предложениях.
1. At 9.45 Ann (to wash) her car. – At 9.45 Ann was washing her car.
2. At 11.45 she (to read a newspaper).
3. At 12.30. she (to cook a dinner).
4. At 13.00. she (to listen to the radio).
5. At 17.00 she (to play tennis).
Упражнение 2. Постройте предложения утвердительные и от-рицательные, употребляя Past Continuous.
1. (to wear a jacket) – He was wearing a jacket. He wasn‟t wear-ing a jacket. 2. (to carry a bag). 3. (to go the dentist). 4. (to eat an ice-cream). 5. (to carry an umbrella). 6. (to go home). 7. (wear a hat). 8. (to ride a bicycle).
65
Упражнение 3. Поставьте глаголы в нужную форму.
1. Jane was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive).
2. What … (you/do) this time yesterday? I was asleep.
3. …… (you/go) out last night? No, I was too tired.
4. Was Carol at the party last night? Yes, she … (wear) a really nice dress.
5. How fast … (you/drive) when the accident … (happen)?
6. John … (take) a photograph of me while I … (not/look).
7. We were in a very difficult position. We … (not/know) what to do.
8. I haven‟t seen Alan for ages. When I last … (see) him, he … (try) to find a job in London.
9. When I was a young, I … (want) to be a bus driver.
Упражнение 4. Прочитайте предложения и постройте предло-жения, употребляя слова в скобках, используйте Past Perfect.
1. You went to Jill‟s house but she wasn‟t there. (she /go /out).
2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn‟t the same as before. (it /change / a lot).
3. I invited Rachel to the party but she couldn‟t come. (she / ar-range/ to do something else).
4. You went to the cinema last night. You arrived at the cinema late. (the film / already/ begin).
5. I was very pleased to see Tim again after such a long time. (we/ not meet/ for years).
6. I offered Sue something to eat but she wasn‟t hungry. (she / just /have /breakfast).
Упражнение 5. Прочитайте предложения и постройте предло-жения, заканчивающиеся на before. Используйте глагол, данный в скобках.
1. The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight. (fly) He had never flown before. Or He hadn‟t flown before.
2. A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me. (see) I … .
66
3. Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn‟t very good at it be-cause it was his first game. (play) He … .
4. Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there. (be) We … .
Упражнение 6. Прочитайте предложения и постройте пред-ложения при помощи слов, данных в скобках. Используйте Past Per-fect Continuous.
1. I was very tired when I arrived home. (I /work / hard all day) I had been working hard all day.
2. The two boys came into the house. They were both very tired. (they / play / football).
3. There was nobody in the room but there was a smell of ciga-rettes. (somebody / smoke / in the room).
4. Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn‟t know where she was. (she / dream).
5. When I got home, Mike was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off. (he / watch / TV).
Упражнение 7. Прочитайте предложения и завершите их, употребив Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous.
1. It was very noisy next door. Our neighbours were having (have) a party.
2. We were good friends. We had known (know) each other for along time.
3. John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with be-cause he … (walk) so fast.
4. Mary was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She …. (run).
5. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They … (eat).
6. When I arrived, everybody … (sit) round the table and … (talk). Their mouths were empty but their stomachs were full.
7. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He …. (look) for his contact lens.
8. When I arrived, Kate …. (wait) for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was late and she …. (wait) for a very long time.
67
9. I was sad when I sold my car. I …. (have) it for a very long time.
10. We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We …. (travel) for more than 24 hours.
Упражнение 8. Поставьте предлоги at / on / in.
1. Goodbye! See you on Friday. 2. Where were you ... 28 Febru-ary? 3. I got up … 6 o‟clock this morning. 4. I like getting up early … the morning. 5. My sister got married …. May. 6. Diane and I first met … 1979. 7. Did you go out … Tuesday? 8. Did you go out …. Tuesday even-ing? 9. Do you often go out … the evening? 10. Let‟s meet … 7.30 tomor-row evening. 11. I often go away … the weekend. 12. I‟m starting my new job … 3 July. 13. We often go to the beach … summer. 14. George isn‟t here … the moment. 15. Julia‟s birthday is … January. 16. Do you work … Saturdays? 17. The company started … 1969. 18. I like to look at the stars … night. 19. I‟ll send you the money … the end of the month.
Упражнение 9. Завершите предложения, употребив предлоги места in / at / on.
1. Don‟t sit on the grass. It‟s wet. 2. What have you got … your bag? 3. Look! There‟s man … the roof. What‟s he doing? 4. There are a lot of fish … this river. 5. Our house is number 45 – number is … the door. 6. `Is the cinema near here? `Yes, turn left … the traffic lights.` 7. I usually do my shopping … the city centre. 8. My sister lives …. Brussels. 9. There‟s a small park … the top of the hill. 10. I think I heard the doorbell. There‟s somebody … the door. 11. I think I heard the doorbell. There‟s somebody …. the door. 11. Munich is a large city …the south of Germany. 12. There are a few shops … the end of the street. 13. It‟s difficult to carry a lot of things ….a bicycle. 14. I looked at the list of names. My name was …. the bottom of the list. 15. There is a mirror … the wall … the living room.
Упражнение 10. Завершите предложения, употребив предлоги места in/ at / on.
1. Helen is studying law at university. 2. There was a big table … the middle of the room. 3. What is the longest river … the world? 4. Were there many people … the concert last night? 5. Will you be … home to-morrow afternoon? 6. Who is that man … this photograph? Do you know
68
him? 7. Where are your children? Are they … school? 8. George is coming by train. I‟m going to meet him … the station. 9. Charlie is … hospital. He‟s going to have an operation tomorrow. 10. How many pages are there … this book? 11. „Are you hungry after your journey?‟ „No, I had a meal … the train.‟ 12.I‟m sorry I‟m late. My car is broke down … the way here. 13. „Is Tom here?‟ „No, he‟s … his brother‟s.‟ 14. Don‟t believe every-thing you see … the newspaper! 15. I walked to work but I came home … the bus.
Упражнение 11. Употребите предлоги места to или at, где не-обходимо.
1. Paula didn‟t go to work yesterday. 2. I‟m tired. I‟m going (-) home. 3. Ann is not very well. She has gone … the doctor. 4. Would you like to come … a party on Saturday? 5. „Is Liz … home?‟ “No, she‟s gone … work.‟ 6. There were 20,000 people … the football match. 7. Why did you go … home early last night? 8. A boy jumped into the river and swam … the other side. 9. There were a lot of people waiting … the bus stop. 10. We had a good meal … a restaurant and then we went back … the hotel.
Упражнение 12. Употребите предлоги места at, to, in, где необ-ходимо.
1. I‟m going out this afternoon. I‟m staying at home. 2. We‟re going … a concert tomorrow evening. 3. I went … New York last year. 4. How long did you stay … New York? 5. Next year we hope to go … Can-ada to visit some friends. 6. Shall we go … the cinema this evening? 7. Is there a restaurant … this station? 8. After the accident three people were taken … hospital. 9. How often do you go … the dentist? 10. „Is Diane here?‟ „No, she‟s ... Ann‟s.‟ 11. My house is … the end of the street on the left. 12. I went … Mary‟s house but she wasn‟t … home. 13. There were no taxis, so we had to walk … home. 14. „What did you study … university?‟ „I didn‟t go … university.‟
Упражнение 13. Завершите предложения, употребив артикль the, используя слова из строки.
Alps, Amazon, Andes, Asia, Atlantic, Bahamas, Cairo, Kenya, Mal-ta, Pacific, Red Sea, Rhine, Sweden, Tokyo, United States
1. Cairo is the capital of Egypt. 2. The Atlantic is between Africa and America. 3. … is a country in northern Europe. 4. … is a river in
69
South America. 5. … is the largest continent in the world. 6. … is the larg-est ocean. 7. … is a river in Europe. 8. … is a country in East Africa. 9. … are between Canada and Mexico. 10. … are mountains in South America. 11. … is the capital of Japan. 12. … are mountains in central Europe. 13. … is between Saudi Arabia and Africa. 14. … is an island in the Mediter-ranean. 15. … are a group of islands near Florida.
Упражнение 14. Употребите артикль the, где необходимо.
1. Kevin lives in (-) Newton Street. 2. We went to see a play at the National Theatre. 3. Have you ever been to China? 4. Have you ever been to Philippines? 5. Have you ever been to south of France? 6. Can you tell me where Regal cinema is? 7. Can you tell me where Merion Street is? 8. Can you tell me where Museum of Modern Art is? 9. Europe is bigger than Australia. 10. Belgium is smaller than Netherlands. 11. Which river is longer – Mississippi of Nile? 12. Did you go to National Gallery when you were in London? 13. “Where did you stay?” “At Park Hotel in Hudson Road.” 14. How far is it from Trafalgar Square to Victoria Station? 15. Rocky Mountains are in North America. 16. Texas is famous for oil and cowboys. 17. Panama Canal joins Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. 18. I hope to go to United States next year. 19. Mary comes from a small town in west of Ireland. 20. Alan studied physics at Manchester University.
Lesson 5
Great Britain (2)
Grammar: будущие времена (Future Indefinite, Future Continuous, Fu-ture Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous); формы выражения будущего времени (to be going to, to be about to); употребления настоящих вре-мён для выражения будущих действий
Словарный минимум
Существительные:
scenery пейзаж
gold золото
silver серебро
copper медь
district район, участок
70
coast побережье
boundary граница
hill холм
pride гордость
castle замок
rig вышка
helicopter вертолет
emerald изумруд
causeway путь, тропа
linen полотно, холст; льняной
root корень
pottery гончарные изделия, керамика
Прилагательные:
wide широкий
harsh резкий, суровый
damp влажный, сырой
cliff крутой, отвесный
incredible невероятный, неслыханный
basic основной
Глаголы:
mark отмечать
develop развивать
divide делить, разделять
associate ассоциироваться
flow течь
disappear исчезать
occupy занимать
bound связывать
Vocabulary Exercises
Упражнение 1. Прочитайте, используя транскрипцию, сле-дующие географические названия.
Cymry [′kimri] Уэльсцы
Snowdonia [snכּu′dכּuniә] Сноудония (область)
Cardiff [′ka:dif] Кардифф
71
Edinburgh [′edinbәrә] Эдинбург
Belfast [′belfa:st] Белфаст
Arctic Circle [′a:ktik′sә:kl] Северный полярный круг
Cheviot Hills [′t∫eviәt′ hilz] Чевиот-Хилс (горы)
Hebrides [′hebridi:z] Гебридские острова
Orkney Islands [′:kni′ailәndz] Оркнейские острова
Shetland Islands [′∫etlәnd ′ailәndz] Шетландские острова
Loch Ness [′lכּk ′nes] Лох-Несс
Aberdeen [,әebә′di:n] Абердин
Ulster [′Λlstә] Ольстер
Упражнение 2. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, перевод которо-го дан в начале ряда:
1. Глубокий
a) deepen
b) deep
c) deeply
2. Борьба
a) struggle
b) luggage
c) language
3. Корень
a) rootlet
b) root
c) rooster
4. Занимать
a) occur
b) occlude
c) occupy
5. Район
a) disturb
b) distrust
c) district
6. Невероятный
a) incredible
b) incredulity
c) increscent
7. Включать
a) incline
b) enclose
c) include
8. Условие
a) condiment
b) condition
c) conduct
9. Холм
a) hill
b) hilt
c) hike
10. Ассоциироваться
a) assist
b) associate
c) assuage
11. Долина
a)value
b) velour
c) valley
12. Городской
a) urbane
b) urban
c) urgent
13. Вертолет
a) helicopter
b) helix
c) heirloom
14. Делить
a) divert
b) divest
c) divide
15. Замок
a) castle
b) caste
c) cast
Text. Great Britain:
Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland
The Welsh call their country Cymru, and they call themselves Cymry. The population of Wales is almost three million people. About 75 per cent of the people of Wales live in towns and urban districts.
Wales is a highland country of old, hard rock. North Wales is a country of mountains and deep valleys; South Wales is a land of high hills
72
and wide valleys. The pride of Wales in scenery is Snowdonia, the region of high mountains. Snowdon (1,085) is the highest mountain in England and Wales.
Except for coal, mineral resources are limited and include gold, silver and copper. South Wales is more developed; during the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries, the valleys of South Wales be-came the iron and steel capital of the world. Nowadays, coal-mining, steel production, electronics, electrical engineering and chemicals can be found here.
The capital of Wales is Cardiff, the largest city of Wales. Cardiff is situated near the mouth of the Taff River. It‟s an important industrial city and port, and administrative and educational centre.
As a tourist, you might want to visit the castle and Llandaff cathe-dral, or the National Museum of Wales. If you like music, there is the famous national concert hall, St. David‟s Hall, or the New Theatre, which is the home of the Welsh National Opera Company.
Although Scotland takes up one third of the territory of the British Isles, its population is not very big. It is the most northern part of the isl-and of Great Britain and is not very far away from the Arctic Circle. That‟s why it is not densely populated: its population is a little over 5 million people.
The Cheviot Hills mark the boundary between England and Scot-land. Apart from this land link with England, Scotland is surrounded by sea. Scotland includes the Hebrides off the west coast, and the Orkney and Shetland Islands off the north coast. It is bounded by the North Sea in the east.
Scotland is divided into three regions: the Highlands, which is the most northern and the most under populated area with a harsh climate; the Lowlands, which is the most industrial region, with about three quarters of the population; and the Southern Uplands, with hills, which border on England.
The Highlands of Scotland are among the oldest mountains in the world. They reach their highest point in Ben Nevis (1,343 m). Many val-leys between the hills are filled with lakes, called lochs. The best-known is Loch Ness, where, as some people think, a large monster lives. The most important city here is Aberdeen which is the oil centre of Scotland. Ships and helicopters travel from Aberdeen to the North Sea oil rigs. Work on an oil rig is difficult and dangerous.
73
Edinburgh is an administrative, commercial and cultural centre of Scotland. It has been the capital since the 15th century. It is associated with the names of George Gordon Byron, Walter Scott, Robert Louis Steven-son, Robert Burns and Arthur Conan Doyle. It is also associated with the world-famous Edinburgh Festival of Music and Drama.
Northern Ireland is the smallest component of the United King-dom. It contains six of the nine counties of the historic province of Ulster and that is why the name “Ulster” is sometimes used as equivalent to Northern Ireland. The population of Northern Ireland is about 1,5 million people. 53 per cent of the total population lives in urban areas.
If one asks an Irishman away from home what he misses most about Ireland, he will probably say ”the greenness”. Irish poets call Ireland “the Emerald Isle”. The fact is that the winds usually blow in from the At-lantic Ocean and make the air and soil warm and damp. Grass grows well in such a climate and it makes the island look so beautiful. There are low hills and peaks of rocks in the north-west, while the northeast sector of the island is a plateau. The rivers of Ireland are short, but deep. The largest river is the Shannon. The Giant‟s Causeway may be the eighth wonder of the world. The Causeway is a mass of stone columns standing very near together. The tops of the columns form stepping stones leading from the cliff foot and disappearing under the sea. Over the whole Causeway there are 40,000 of these stone columns.
The whole economy of Northern Ireland is closely integrated with that of Great Britain. It has its roots in three basic industries – agriculture, textiles and shipbuilding. The largest industry is agriculture conducted for the most part on small family farms. It occupies about 72 per cent of the land area.
Belfast is one of the youngest capital cities in the world and it has grown incredible fast. Today the city has a population of 400 000. The city is well-known for ship-building – it was here that the “Titanic” was built and sent out on her fatal voyage. Tourists can visit an Art Gallery, step into Belfast Cathedral, or go souvenir hunting for the Irish linen, pottery and hand-cut glass in Belfast‟s covered arcades. If the sun is shining they can drive out to Stormont, the former Parliament building and walk through the parkland. The Botanic Gardens contain rare plants; some of them are 100 years old! In the evening tourists can go to the theater, the Grand Op-era House, or a concert at the Ulster Hall – home of the Ulster Orchestra.
74
Text Exercises
Упражнение 1. Выразите согласие или несогласие со сле-дующими утверждениями. Свое согласие выразите, начиная предло-жение словами That`s right …, а несогласие, начиная словами That`s wrong…
1. About 75 per cent of the people of Wales live in towns and ur-ban districts.
2. The capital of Wales is Belfast, the largest city of Wales.
3. As a tourist, you might want to visit the castle and Llandaff ca-thedral, or the National Museum of Scotland.
4. The population of Scotland is a little over 5 million people.
5. The Cheviot Hills mark the boundary between England and Scotland.
6. Scotland includes the Hebrides off the west coast, and the Or-key and Shetland Islands off the north coast.
7. Belfast is an administrative, commercial and cultural centre of Scotland.
8. Northern Ireland is the biggest component of the United King-dom.
9. Ireland is called “the Diamond Isle”.
10. Belfast is one of the youngest capital cities in the world and it has grown incredible fast.
Упражнение 2. Спросите своего друга по-английски:
- знает ли он, каково население Уэльса;
- что он может сказать о Северном Уэльсе;
- что он может сказать о Южном Уэльсе;
- знает ли он столицу Уэльса;
- знает ли он, какие достопримечательности можно посетить в Уэльсе;
- знает ли он, каково население Шотландии;
- знает ли он, на сколько регионов можно поделить Шотлан-дию и как эти регионы называются;
- знает ли он столицу Шотландии;
- знает ли он, каково население Северной Ирландии;
- знает ли он столицу Северной Ирландии;
75
- знает ли он, что могут купить туристы в Белфасте.
Упражнение 3. Аудирование. Прослушайте, о чѐм говорят ту-ристы, путешествующие по Шотландии на автобусе, и ответьте на вопросы. Воспроизведите диалог в парах.
Tourist 1: Excuse me.
Guide: Yes?
Tourist 1: There‟s a pottery shop just ahead. Can we stop and go there?
Guide: Yes, of course. It sells pottery and other kinds of gifts.
Tourist 1: Thanks you.
They go into the shop.
Assistant: Can I help you?
Tourist 1: No, I‟m just looking, thank you.
Assistant: That‟s fine.
Tourist 2: Excuse me.
Assistant: Yes?
Tourist 2: Is all the pottery made in Scotland?
Assistant: Yes, everything is made here: we have a workshop at the back.
Tourist 3: Are these gifts all made in Scotland?
Assistant: Yes, everything that you see is made in local workshops and factories.
Tourist 3: Even these films and cameras?
Assistant: Er, no. The film is made in the USA, and the cameras are made in Japan. Everything else is produced here in Scotland, and most of the products are handmade.
Tourist 1: I‟d like this vase, please.
Assistant: Thank you.
Tourist 2: I‟m going to buy this tin of shortbread.
Tourist 3: I‟m going to get some of these small bottles of whisky.
Вопросы.
1. What does a pottery shop sell?
2. What goods are made in Scotland?
3. Are most of the products handmade?
4. What did the tourists buy in the shop?
76
5. What would you buy in that shop?
Упражнение 4. Прослушайте текст о поездке Смитов в Шот-ландию.
The Smiths Go To Scotland.
During the half-term holiday, Paul, Sue and Mary Smith went to a short break to a hotel in Scotland. They visited several castles, craft shops and a whisky distillery. They spent a day in Edinburgh, and another day walking near Loch Ness (but they didn‟t see the monster). Mary wrote this short description of the economy of Scotland to show her teacher:
“Scotland can be divided into three geographical regions: the Southern Uplands, the Central Lowlands and the Highlands. The Southern Uplands are sparsely populated moorland; the Central Lowlands is where most of the population lives and where the main cities are situated; the Highlands is the most beautiful and mountainous part. The main industries of the Highlands are forestry, fishing and tourism. The main industries of the Central Lowlands used to be coal mining and heavy industry, but these declined in the 1980s. Fortunately, oil and gas were discovered in the North Sea in the 1970s. Other important products are whisky and woolen goods.
The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh, but the biggest city is Glas-gow. Scotland is part of the United Kingdom, but since 1999 it has its own parliament.
Упражнение 5. Опираясь на содержание приведѐнного выше текста, подберите английские эквиваленты следующим словосочета-ниям.
1. Decline
a) завод по изготовлению алкогольных напитков
2. Description
б) чудовище
3. Discover
в) описание
4. Distillery
г) область, зона
5. Monster
д) редко, не густо
6. Moorland
е) торфянистая местность
7. Region
ж) снижаться
8. Sparsely
з) обнаруживать
Упражнение 6. Определите, верны или неверны следующие утверждения.
1) The Smiths saw the Loch Ness Monster.
77
2) There are not many people in the Southern Uplands.
3) Edinburgh and Glasgow are in the Central Lowlands.
4) Most Scots live in the Highlands.
5) The main industries of the Central Lowlands are coal mining and heavy industry.
6) The biggest city in Scotland is Edinburgh.
Упражнение 7. Используя текст в качестве образца, напишите об экономике хорошо известной вам страны.
Упражнение 8. Кроссворд «Отрасли промышленности». Пе-реведите следующую группу слов на английский язык. Запишите их в соответствующие клеточки. Решив кроссворд, в колонке по вертика-ли вы прочтѐте ещѐ одно слово по текущей теме.
Pемѐсла, электроника, машиностроение, рыболовство, лесная промышленность, товары, гончарные изделия, ресурсы.
D
Grammar Exercises
Упражнение 1. Ваш друг собирается поехать в Великобрита-нию на каникулы. Задайте вопросы, используя эту ситуацию и слова, данные в скобках.
1. (How long / stay?)
2. (When / leave?)
3. (Go / alone?)
4. (Go / by train?)
5. (Where / stay?)
78
Упражнение 2. Shall или Will?
1. I … help you tomorrow. 2. We … never leave our friends who need us. 3. They … receive the freedom of the city! 4. the two brothers … never be separated again! 5. I … pay my account at the end of the month. 6. He … feel cold without an overcoat in December. 7. We … all grow old, sooner or later. 8. It … cost a lot of money to live in such a fine hotel. 9. You … understand English much better in twelve months‟ time. 10. People say that the world … grow cold in 20,000,000 years. 11. A fine summer … guarantee a good harvest. 12. A fish out of water … die very quickly.
Упражнение 3. Выберите ту видовременную форму глагола, которую уместно употребить при переводе следующих предложений:
1. Она уберет квартиру к их приезду.
а) will clean;
б) will be cleaning;
в) will have cleaned.
2. Ему потребуется полчаса, чтобы добраться до университе-та.
а) takes;
б) will take;
в) will have taken.
3. Мой друг будет учителем через два года.
а) will be;
б) will have been;
в) is.
4. Я буду готовиться к контрольной в 5 часов завтра.
а) prepare;
б) will be preparing;
в) will prepare.
Упражнение 4. Раскройте скобки, употребив формы the Future Simple или the Future Continuous.
1. I can‟t understand this letter. I (call) my son. He (translate) it for you. 2. What you (do) when you grow up? – I (be) a pilot. 3. This time next month I (sit) on a beach. 4. In a few days time we (go) to London. 5. That tree makes the house very dark. – Very well, I (cut) it down. 6. My brother has just returned from America. – Oh, good, we (ask) him to come
79
to our next party. 7. I‟ll come at six o‟clock. – Good, I (wait) for you. 8. You look frozen. Sit down by the fire and I (make) you a cup of tea. 9. Don‟t ring her up at 9; she (put) her children to bed. Ring up later. 10. My son (be) in the fifth form next year. That means that he (learn) English. 11. I (know) the results in some days.
Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки, употребив формы the Future Perfect или the Future Perfect Continuous.
1. I (finish) this book by tomorrow evening. 2. By next winter I (save) the necessary sum of money. 3. I (translate) the article for an hour before you come. 4. By the end of January he (work) at the University for 10 years. 5. On September 26 they (be married) for twenty-five years. 6. By the end of the month we (live) in this house for two years. 7. If I con-tinue with my diet I (lose) 10 kilos by the end of the month. 8. The train (leave) before we reach the station.
Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения, употребив нужную форму глагола будущего времени.
1. Я буду работать в библиотеке завтра (завтра с 2 до 3). 2. Мой друг будет читать (прочитает) книгу через несколько дней (к ве-черу). 3. Он сдаст экзамены к трем часам завтра (на следующей неде-ле). 4. Вы будете слушать свою любимую музыку завтра (в два часа завтра).
Упражнение 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous.
1. If you don‟t work hard you (not pass) your exams. 2. Will you lend me your season ticket? – No, I (not lend) it to you because it is against the law. 3. You (be) angry if I refuse to help you? 4. I (wait) for you when you come out. 5. Don‟t ring her at 9.00. She still (sleep). 6. When I get home my dog (sit) at the door waiting for me. 7. You (have) lunch with me? – I‟d love to, but I‟m afraid I (do) my exam at that time. 8. It‟s beginning to get dark, the street lights (go on) in a few minutes. 9. We (to buy) a new flat if we have enough money. 10. The lift (not start) until you press the button. 11. 1 (finish) reading this book by tomorrow evening. 12. By the end of the year my mother (work) at school for twenty years. 13. I‟m going to Hyde Park to hear the people making speeches. – By the time you get there they (finish) their speeches and everybody (go) home.
80
14. When I leave school our family (live) in Minsk for ten years. 15. He spends all his spare time planting trees. He says that by the end of next year he (plant) 1,000. 16. I hope they (repair) this road by the time we come back next summer. 17. I (not wear) glasses when you see me next. I (wear) contact lenses. You probably (not recognize) me. 18. This time next week I (have) my first skating lesson. 19. He says he (meet) us at the bus stop, but I‟m sure he (forget) to do it. 20 The first day of the term (be) hor-rible, for everybody (talk) about their holidays and (show) photographs of foreign beaches and as I haven‟t been anywhere I (feel) terribly out of it. 21. That oak tree still (stand) there fifty years from now. 22. By the end of next year he (work) for this company for 10 years.
Упражнение 8. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужной форме.
1. We (have) a party next Saturday. Would you like to come? 2. I (not / go) away for my holidays next month because I haven‟t got enough money. 3. (you / go) away? 4. The concert (start) at 7.30 this evening. 5. George, is it true that you (get married) next week? 6. The art exhibition (open) on 3 May and (finish) on 15 July. 7. What time (the next train / leave)? 8. Ann, we (go) to town, (you / come) with us?
Упражнение 9. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужной форме.
1. The S.S. Blue Star (arrive) on Monday according to plan. 2. The examinations (take place) next month as announced. 3. The office (close) an hour later than usual tomorrow. 4. We (have) breakfast very early to-morrow so that we can leave home before even. 5. He usually works at the station but next month he (work) at the docks for a few days each week. 6. I‟m sorry I can‟t accept your invitation. I (have) lunch with some business people next Wednesday. 7. We always go to Paris on holiday. Next year I (go) to Spain for a change. 8. Saturday is his day off, usually. However, he (play) in the finals of a tennis tournament next Friday so the firm (give) him both days off. 9. My Uncle John from Zigzag (visit) us soon. 10. As a result of the bad weather, airplanes (not / take off) tonight.
Упражнение 10. Раскройте скобки, используя оборот to be going to.
81
1. I (finish) it next week. 2. He (go) there tomorrow. 3. We (be) at the meeting. 4. I (return) and (ask) him. 5. The teacher (explain) the next lesson to us tomorrow. 6. We (attend) that conference in St Louis next month. 7. I (study) my English lesson with my friends tonight. 8. Mr Wil-son and Mr Johnson (be) in the office all afternoon. 9. The men (repair) the roof of the house the day after tomorrow. 10. There (be) an important meeting here next Thursday evening.
Упражнение 11. Выберите из скобок нужную форму глагола.
1. I (will go / am going) to a party tomorrow night. Would you like to come too? 2. According to the weather forecast it (will rain / is rain-ing) tomorrow. 3. I‟m sure Tom (will get / is getting) the job. He has a lot of experience. 4. I can‟t meet you this evening. A friend of mine (will come / is coming) to see me. 5. Don‟t worry about the dog. It (won‟t hurt / isn‟t hurting) you.
Упражнение 12. Переведите предложения, используя оборот to be going to.
1. Я куплю шесть ножей, две кастрюли и пару ложек. 2. Я бу-ду моряком. 3. Я не собираюсь повторять свою ошибку. 4. Он не со-бирался продолжать поиски. 5. Он сказал, что прибудет немедленно. 6. Он сказал, что не будет торопиться.
Упражнение 13. Допишите предложения, используя оборот to be going to и слова в скобках.
1. There are a lot of black clouds in the sky. It (rain).
2. It‟s 8.30. Jack is leaving his house. He has to be at work at 8.45 but the journey takes 30 min. He (be late).
3. There are holes in the bottom of the boat. A lot of water is com-ing through the holes. The boat (sink).
4. Emma is driving. There is very little petrol in the tank. The nearest petrol station is a long way away. She (run out).
Упражнение 14. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в бу-дущем или настоящем времени.
1. I wonder if he (laugh) all day. 2. She will buy a new hat when she (come) to Angela‟s. 3. Read the letter to me while I (eat) lunch. 4. I shall stay here till he (come). 5. Tell her about it if she (want). 6. She won-
82
ders when somebody (come and tell) her what to do. 7. Do you know if your cousin (return) from his trip tomorrow? 8. They don‟t realize that no changes (take place) until they (do) something about it. 9. I only know that if he (object) I (give up) the plan. 10. She knows that her father (phone) her as soon as anything (be known). 11. Don‟t tell her about it before she (ask). 12. I shall cut some sandwiches in case we (be hungry). 13. I shall know all about it when I (get) the letter from him. 14. She knows that she (catch) bad cold unless she (go and change) her wet shoes. 15. I wonder when you (be) ready and if we (be) in time. 16. I am not sure when she (re-turn). 17. Will you wait until he (come)? 18. Please book a return ticket if you (go) to York.
Упражнение 15. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Если они выйдут в половине пятого, они приедут в шесть. 2. Когда мы накроем на стол, мы пойдем встречать гостей на оста-новку. 3. Не беспокойся. Я встречу их, если Томсон не согласится подвезти их на машине. 4. Сколько времени займет дорога? 5. У нас будет концерт на следующей неделе. Мы примем в нем участие. 6. – Что ты делаешь, Джек? – Я решаю задачу. – А что ты делал час назад? – Я учил английский. – А что ты будешь делать через час? – Я буду бить тебя, если ты не перестанешь задавать глупые вопросы. 7. К экзамену я выучу все темы. 8. Мы скоро будем читать Достоевско-го. 9. Мы приедем к часу. Секретарь уже придет. 10. Они начнут строительство в ближайшие дни и закончат к концу года. 11. Не зво-ните ей в одиннадцать. Она уже будет спать. 12. Что ты собираешься делать в воскресенье? 13. Поезд отходит завтра в семь. 14. Вы позво-ните мне завтра? 15. Мы поедем за город, если погода не будет дожд-ливой. 16. Папа приедет к нам, если у него будет свободное время. 17. Карен не знает, что вы приедете в воскресенье. 18. Если мы достанем билеты, то пойдем в кино. 19. Я не смогу написать вам, пока не вер-нусь. 19. Они не знают, когда он придет, но когда он придет, они ему все расскажут. 20. Если вы останетесь еще на пару дней, мы сможем посетить музей.
83
Test № 4
Great Britain
I. British Geography Quiz.
Поставьте каждое из тринадцати слов в соответствующее место в таблице. Узнайте, какое слово выпадает из таблицы.
London
Dublin
Cardiff
Shannon
Clyde
Ballymena
Swansea
Severn
Glasgow
Belfast
Thames
Edinburgh
Birmingham
Country
Towns
Rivers
Capitals
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
II. Выберите правильный ответ.
1. What is the status of Great Britain?
a) republic; b) parliamentary monarchy; c) United Kingdom.
2. What ocean is Great Britain washed by?
a) the Pacific Ocean; b) the Indian Ocean; c) the Atlantic Ocean.
3. How many parts does Great Britain consist of?
a) three; b) four; c) two.
4. London is the capital of …
a) England; b) Scotland; c) Northern Ireland.
5. What city is famous for its music festivals?
a) Liverpool; b) Manchester; c) Edinburgh.
6. What mountains mark the boundary between England and Scotland?
a) the Cordilleras; b) the Cheviot Hills; c) the Caucasus.
7. What separates Great Britain from the continent?
a) the English Channel;
b) the Irish Sea;
c) the Atlantic Ocean.
8. What is the climate of Great Britain?
a) cool and temperate;
b) mild and humid;
c) desert and hot.
9. The highest mountain of Great Britain, Ben Nevis is situated …
84
a) in Wales; b) in Scotland; c) in Northern Ireland.
10. What country is not very far away from the Arctic Circle?
a) Northern Ireland; b) Wales; c) Scotland.
11. Edinburgh has been the capital of Scotland …
a) since the 15th century;
b) since the 16th century;
c) from time immemorial.
12. What county is known as the Garden of England?
a) Surrey; b) Kent; c) Pembrokeshire.
13. What may be called the eighth wonder of the world?
a) The Giant‟s Causeway;
b) the Lake District;
c) Snowdonia.
14. What is another name for Northern Ireland?
a) Cymru; b) Emerald Isle; c) Ulster.
15. What country is the most densely populated?
a) Scotland; b) Wales; c) Northern Ireland.
Lesson 6
London
Grammar: модальные глаголы can, must, may, need, should; страда-тельный залог (Passive Voice Indefinite, Passive Voice Continuous)
Словарный минимум
Существительные:
suburb
пригород
area
район
district
район города
jewel
драгоценности
mint
монетный двор
underground
метро
palace
дворец
inhabitant
житель
masterpiece
шедевр
85
Прилагательные:
economic
экономический
political
политический
cultural
культурный
magnificent
великолепный
major
крупнейший
empty
пустой
concrete
бетонный
nearby
близлежащий
hereditary
наследственный, традиционный
Глаголы:
keep
хранить, держать
grow into
превращаться
to be concentrated
быть сконцентрированным
attract
привлекать
Словосочетания:
to have a population of
иметь население
the crown jewels
королевские драгоценности (коро-ны)
Changing of the Guard
смена караула
a Roman Town
римский город
the Royal Exchange
королевская биржа
the Bank of England
Банк Англии
the Old Bailey
Центральный Уголовный Суд
to be crowned with a huge dome
быть увенчанным огромным купо-лом
the Whispering Gallery
Галерея шѐпота (акустический свод, резонирующий слова, сказанные шѐпотом)
to be guarded by “Beefeaters”
охраняться бифитерами (солдатами охраны Лондонского Тауэра)
to stay alive
зд.: быть оживлѐнным
to take place
происходить, случаться
to come to enjoy oneself
приходить отдыхать
to be full of trees, flowers and
быть полным деревьев, цветов и тра-
86
grass
вы
to live outside the centre
жить вне центра
Vocabulary Exercises
Упражнение 1. Используйте в предложениях слова из словар-ного минимума.
1. London is … centre of Great Britain.
2. Like all big cities, London has streets and … buildings.
3. The West End is the … where one can see rich shops, offices and theatres.
4. There are many parks full of … .
5. In the Tower … are kept.
6. At night all the offices are quiet and … .
7. London has … museums.
8. London has a … of about 12 million people.
9. Many people live outside the centre of London in the … .
10. They travel to work by train, bus or … .
Упражнение 2. Употребите предлоги on, in, of, from, with, across.
1. London is the capital … Great Britain.
2. London lies … both sides … the river Thames.
3. It is the richest port … Europe.
4. There are many places … interest … London.
5. One of them is Trafalgar Square … Nelson‟s Column … 175 feet high.
6. Not far … the Tower … London you can see the Tower Bridge.
7. … the road … Westminster Abbey there are Houses of Parlia-ment, the seat … the British Government.
8. The British Museum is one … the best museums … the world.
Text. London
London is the capital of the United Kingdom, its economic, politi-cal and cultural centre. It is one of the world‟s most important ports and
87
one of the largest cities in the world (together with Tokyo and New York). London with its suburbs has a population of about 12 million people.
London has been a capital for nearly a thousand years. Many of its ancient buildings still stand. The most famous of them are the Tower of London, where the crown jewels are kept, Westminster Abbey and St. Paul‟s Cathedral. Most visitors also want to see the Houses of Parliament, Buckingham Palace (the Queen‟s home with its Changing of the Guards) and many magnificent museums.
Once London was a small Roman town on the north bank of the Thames. Slowly it grew into one of the world‟s major cities.
Different areas of London seem like different cities. The City of London is the district where most offices and banks are concentrated; The Royal Exchange, the Old Bailey and the Bank of England are here, too. Few people live in the City but over a million come to work here. Two masterpieces are situated within the City: St. Paul‟s Cathedral and the Tower of London. St. Paul‟s Cathedral was built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren, a famous English architect. The Cathedral is the largest church in England and the second in the world. It is crowned with a huge dome. Inside the dome there is the famous Whispering Gallery. The Tower of London built in 11th century is associated with many important events in the British history. It was used as a fortress, a palace, a mint and a prison. The Tower of London is famous for its prisoners, like Sir Thomas More and Guy Fawkes. The Tower is guarded by “Beefeaters”. Now it‟s a mu-seum.
Westminster is the aristocratic official part of London. It includes Buckingham Palace where the Queen lives and the Houses of Parliament stretching for nearly 1000 feet along the north bank of the Thames. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big hour bell, known as “Big Ben”.
Westminster Abbey is the place where coronation of nearly all kings and queens has taken place. Many of them are buried here as well as some other famous people of the country e.g. G. Chaucer, A. Tennyson, Is. Newton, Ch. Dickens, T. Hardy, R. Kipling and many other writers, poets and musicians; this place is called the Poet‟s Corner. Here there are me-morials to Shakespeare, Burns, Byron, Scott and to the great American poet Longfellow.
The West End is a rich man‟s world of shops, offices and theatres. It‟s a symbol of luxury and wealth. One of the busiest streets in the West
88
End is Oxford Street. There are many various shops in it which attract cus-tomers from different countries of the world.
By the day the whole London is busy. At night, offices are quiet and empty, but the West End still alive, because this is where Londoners come to enjoy themselves. There are two opera houses here, several con-cert halls and many theatres, as well as cinemas. The centre of London‟s theatres is Piccadilly Circus. Five important streets meet there: Piccadilly, Regent, Haymarket, New Bond Street and Shaftsbury Avenue. In nearby Soho the pubs, restaurants and night clubs are busy half the night.
Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in the memory of Admiral Nelson‟s victory at the battle of Trafal-gar in 1805. The tall Nelson‟s Column stands in the middle of the square. Opposite the Nelson monument is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. They contain the finest art collections in the world. Not far from the National Gallery is the British Museum famous for its rich li-brary (about 7,000,000 books). One can see there Egyptian statues, sphinxes, manuscripts, coins, paintings.
If the City is the “money” of London and the West End is the “goods” of London, then the East End is the “hands” of London. The East End is the district where mostly working people live. The old port area is now called “Docklands”. There are now new office buildings in Dock-lands, and thousands of new flats and houses. Old residents of East End are proud to be called cockneys which mean true Londoners, hereditary inhabitants of the area. They love the district very much.
Like all big cities, London has streets and concrete buildings, but it also has many big parks, full of trees, flowers and grass. The best known parks of London are Hyde Park, Regent‟s Park, St. James‟s Park and Ken-sington Gardens. In all London parks you may walk on the grass and lie down to rest on it.
Many people live outside the centre of London in the suburbs, and they travel to work in shops and offices by train, bus or underground (“The Tube”).
Text Exercises
Упражнение 1. Расположите вопросы по тексту в логической последовательности и ответьте на них.
1. What part does London play in the life of the United Kingdom?
89
2. How many people live in London?
3. What are the most famous ancient buildings of London?
4. What are different districts of London famous for?
5. Why do some districts of London stay alive at night?
6. What does London have except concrete buildings?
7. Where do many people live?
8. What is Westminster Abbey noted for?
9. What is Buckingham Palace?
10. What is St. Paul‟s Cathedral famous for?
11. What is the Tower of London associated with?
12. What world-famous museums are there in London?
Упражнение 2. Определите, о каких достопримечательностях Лондона идѐт речь.
The Tower, the Cenotaph, Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Pa-lace, the British Museum, National Gallery, Hyde Park, the Houses of Par-liament
1. It houses a priceless collection of paintings from the British, French and Italian schools.
2. It is the Queen‟s official London‟s residence. Londoners usually watch the Changing of the Guards here.
3. Here one can find Poet‟s Corner where many great Englishmen are buried. There are also memorials to Shakespeare, Burns and Byron.
4. This museum is one of the largest in the world. It has the richest library.
5. The largest park famous for its Speaker‟s Corner is … .
6. This building contains Big Ben.
7. In the middle of Whitehall is the … where the Queen lays the first wreath of poppies on Remembrance Day.
8. It has been a fortress, a palace, a prison, a mint, now it‟s a histor-ical museum.
Упражнение 3. Переведите на английский язык.
1. Лондон – экономический, политический и культурный центр, один из крупнейших портов страны и крупнейших городов мира.
2. Лондон был небольшим римским городом.
90
3. Самые знаменитые древние здания – Лондонский Тауэр, Вестминстерское аббатство, собор Святого Павла, Парламент, Букин-гемский дворец.
4. Шедевр Кристофера Рена, собор Святого Павла, увенчан ог-ромным куполом.
5. Тауэр известен своими стражниками – бифитерами, также там хранятся драгоценности короны.
6. В Вестминстерском аббатстве покоятся короли и известные люди Англии.
7. Все коронации проводятся в Вестминстерском аббатстве.
8. В Букингемском дворце живѐт королева Великобритании, он известен также сменой караула.
9. Вест-Энд – район магазинов, офисов и театров, район бога-тых людей.
10. В Сити сконцентрированы банки, офисы, в том числе Ко-ролевская биржа и Банк Англии.
11. В Ист-Энде живут рабочие.
12. В Докланде, бывшем районе портов, сейчас много новых офисов.
13. В Вест-Энд лондонцы приезжают развлекаться.
14. В соседнем Сохо жизнь идѐт днѐм и ночью.
15. Во всех лондонских парках можно гулять и лежать на тра-ве.
Упражнение 4. Подготовьте сообщение по теме «Лондон» на основе упражнений к тексту.
Упражнение 5. Аудирование. Прослушайте диалог между По-лом, Сью и Энн. Постарайтесь понять, о чѐм они говорят. Воспроиз-ведите диалог.
Sue: Do you like living here?
Ann: Yes, I love it. The town is so quiet.
Sue: Do you like it, John?
John: No, I hate it.
Sue: Why?
John: I like big cities. This town is too quiet for me.
Sue: Don‟t you like the buildings?
91
John: No, they‟re too small. And they‟re ugly.
Ann: I don‟t agree. The town is very pretty. I hate London because it‟s noisy and it‟s dirty.
John: Yes, London is noisy and it‟s sometimes dirty. But it‟s never boring!
Упражнение 6. Обсудите в группах тему и подготовьте сооб-щение на тему: “Big cities: their advantages and disadvantages”.
Упражнение 7. Кроссворд. Найдите десять слов, относящихся к теме «Города».
C
T
M
U
S
E
U
M
S
C
A
H
P
E
N
G
A
C
T
A
T
E
R
W
O
M
E
I
A
F
H
A
Q
M
P
J
L
N
T
F
E
T
C
A
S
T
L
E
I
E
D
R
F
R
I
H
O
M
O
N
R
E
S
T
A
U
R
A
N
T
A
C
U
N
C
H
U
R
C
H
L
I
B
R
A
R
Y
L
E
O
Grammar Exercises
Упражнение 1. Задайте вопросы и ответьте на них.
Take your book?
Use your pen?
Yes, do, please.
Open the window?
Fine.
May I
Invite you for a dance?
OK.
Telephone you tonight?
I‟m sorry, you can‟t.
Kiss you now?
Smoke here?
Sit on the floor?
Dance?
Whistle?
Yes, I can
92
Swim?
Can you
Draw?
No, but I want to learn how to do it
Sing?
Speak English?
Play the violin?
Come in time?
Do your homework?
Yes, I must do it
Must you
Tell the truth?
Write your report?
No, I needn‟t do it
Go there at night?
Give up smoking?
Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения.
1. You must look at the lecturer, not at the girls. 2. You must say something nice to the host. 3. I must write to my parents every week. 4. Who can answer my questions? 5. Nobody could understand him. 6. Must I attend this meeting? – No, you needn‟t. 7. You should show your notes to the teacher. 8. They should visit her, she is in the hospital. 9. Any student can do this work. 10. May I leave you for a while? 11. I could run faster when I was younger. 12. Must you go now? – Yes, I need to go imme-diately. 13. When they buy a car they will be able to go to the country more often. 14. I‟m sorry, but I shan‟t be able to come to your birthday party next week. 15. If you don‟t know the meaning of the word you should use a dictionary.
Упражнение 3. Употребите модальные глаголы.
1. My friend lives a long way from his office and … get up early. 2. All of us … be in time for classes. 3. … you come and have dinner with us? 4. … you help me? 5. In the picture you … see Trafalgar Square. 6. … I come in? 7. … I take your pen? 8. If you don‟t put on your coat you … catch a cold. 9. You look tired. You … have a rest. 10. I … come yester-day. I was busy. 11. … you stand on your head? – I … when I was at school, but I … now. 12. He … answer the teacher‟s questions yesterday, but he … answer the same questions today. 13. You … drink this, it is poi-son. 14. You … play football in the street. 15. … I have a cup of coffee?
Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
93
1. Можно мне пойти погулять? – Нет, нельзя. Ты должен гото-виться к семинару. 2. Вам следует навестить своего друга, он, навер-ное, болен. 3. Никто не мог мне помочь. 4. Не нужно никуда идти. Вы можете взять любую книгу здесь. 5. Я смогу закончить работу завтра, если мне никто не помешает. 6. Вы не можете мне сказать, как дое-хать до вокзала? 7. У нас сейчас занятие по английскому языку, и вы должны говорить по-английски. 8. Она живѐт в общежитии. Студен-ты могут принимать гостей, но гости должны уходить после 22 часов. 9. Я могу навестить тебя завтра. 10. Вам не надо отвечать на все во-просы.
Упражнение 5. Прочитайте стихотворение и ответьте на вопро-сы.
Solomon Grundy
When was Solomon Grundy born?
Born on Monday
When was he christened?
Christened on Tuesday
When was he married?
Married on Wednesday
When did he get ill?
Got ill on Thursday
When did he get worse?
Worse on Friday
When did he die?
Died on Saturday
When was he buried?
Buried on Sunday
That was the end of Solomon Grundy
Упражнение 6. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. It is made of paper. It is used for getting news. How is it called?
2. It is made of wood. It is used for sitting on. How is it called?
3. It is grown in Georgia, India and China. It is drunk all over the world. How is it called?
4. It is made of metal. It is used for traveling in. How is it called?
5. They are made of glass. They are used for seeing better. How are they called?
6. It is made of bread. It is eaten at breakfast in England. How is it called?
7. It is grown in Cuba, Brazil and Africa. It is usually drunk at breakfast. How is it called?
94
Упражнение 7. Переведите на русский язык.
1. The mail is usually brought at 9 a.m. 2. Are orders always ful-filled in time? 3. It‟s a pity, the lecture is not taped. 4. If we use old me-thods, a lot of time is wasted and very little achieved. 5. The experiment will be described in several journals. 6. A conference on these problems is being held now. 7. The lists are still being typed. 8. The machine was be-ing tested when we came to the factory. 9. Something important was being discussed, so I sat down to listen. 10. The students will be tested again. 11. That TV programme about London will be repeated in a month. 12. The delegates are being interviewed now. 13. Some pop singers were being asked questions when I switched on the TV set. 14. These competitions are held every five years. 15. She will be invited to go to London. 16. The text is being translated now. 17. Krasnoyarsk was founded in 1628. 18. Which is better, to give presents or to be given? 19. I am always driven to work by my neighbour. 20. Won‟t Tom be invited to Mary‟s party?
Упражнение 8. Найдите в тексте глаголы в пассивном залоге. Ответьте на вопрос, поставленный в заголовке.
What are the Reasons?
Many great cities of the world were built hundreds of years ago. During their long history some of them were destroyed several times for one reason or another and then rebuilt. London, for instance, was burnt down in the Great Fire of 1666.
When Napoleon‟s army entered Moscow in 1812 the city was near-ly empty and in flames. Most of the houses were soon destroyed by the fire and many were badly damaged. A lot of beautiful cities were left in ruins after the World Wars. Serious damage is done to cities and villages by floods, hurricanes and earthquakes.
Упражнение 9. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы в сочетании с инфинитивом пассивного залога.
1. Lions and tigers can be seen in Zoos. 2. He spoke very clearly; he could be heard by everyone. 3. This letter must be answered at once. 4. Nothing can be done about it. 5. Books may be kept for two weeks, after that they must be returned to the library. 6. The librarian said that the books might be kept for two weeks. 7. What is done cannot be undone. 8.
95
Even the tallest trees can be climbed. 9. The rooms should be aired regu-larly. 10. It needs to be done with care.
Упражнение 10. Переведите предложения, укажите время и за-лог сказуемого. Преобразуйте предложения в действительный залог, где это возможно. Введите любые подходящие подлежащие.
1. London, the capital of the United Kingdom was built on the river Thames.
2. William the Conqueror was crowned in Westminster Abbey.
3. The Tower of London is associated with many important events in the British history.
4. The crown‟s jewels are kept in the Tower.
5. The Tower is guarded by “Beefeaters”.
6. London is noted for its museums and art galleries.
7. The old port area is now called “Docklands”.
8. The great part of London was destroyed by the fire.
9. The Thames is crossed by numerous bridges.
10. Trafalgar Square was so named to commemorate Admiral Nel-son‟s victory at the Battle of Trafalgar.
11. The victory over the French and Spanish fleet was won at cost of Nelson‟s life.
12. Many of the greatest Englishmen are buried in Westminster Abbey.
13. St‟ Paul‟s Cathedral was designed by Sir Christopher Wren.
14. Hyde Park is visited by thousands of tourists every day.
15. The Tower of London was used as a fortress, a palace, a state prison and a mint.
16. The Cenotaph is the monument which appeared in 1920, it was dedicated to the dead during the First World War.
17. Various ideas and opinions may be heard at the “Speakers‟ Corner” in Hyde Park.
18. The fine building of the Opera House or Covent Garden was opened in 1858.
19. The British Museum is situated in Bloomsbury, a district in central London.
20. Swans that live in the Docks are well looked after and no one is allowed to touch them.
96
Test № 5
London
Выберите правильный ответ.
1. What is the age of London?
a) over 2000 years; b) over 1000 years; c) about 500 years.
2. The Houses of Parliament is …
a) the museum;
b) the Seat of Parliament;
c) the residence of the King.
3. What is Big Ben?
a) the house; b) the square; c) the clock.
4. What monument is in the centre of Trafalgar Square?
a) to the King Arthur;
b) to Admiral Nelson;
c) to the Unknown Soldier.
5. Where is Poet‟s Corner situated?
a) in the Tower of London;
b) in Buckingham Palace;
c) in Westminster Abbey.
6. What the world largest museum is situated in London?
a) the Hermitage; b) the British Museum; c) the Prado Museum.
7. St Paul‟s Cathedral is …
a) the largest museum;
b) the largest concert hall;
c) the largest church/
8. What is “the City”?
a) financial and business centre of London;
b) industrial place of London;
c) the name of the skyscraper.
9. What is the industrial part of London?
a) the West End; b) the centre of the city; c) the East End.
10. What is Piccadilly Circus?
a) the square; b) the theatre; c) the circus.
11. Where does the Queen of England live?
a) in the Houses of Parliament;
b) in Bucкingham Palace;
97
c) in Westminster Abbey.
12. Sir Thomas More and Guy Fawkes …
a) lived in the Tower;
b) guarded the Tower;
c) were the prisoners of the Tower.
13. What place is the geographical centre of London?
a) Trafalgar Square; b) Soho; c) Docklands.
14. Whom do we call cockneys?
a) true Englishmen; b) hereditary inhabitants; c) working people.
15. What is the symbol of luxury and wealth in London?
a) Westminster; b) City; c) the West End.
Lesson 7
Customs and Holidays of Great Britain
Grammar: модальные глаголы долженствования have to, be to; пове-лительное наклонение; повторение модальных глаголов; Passive Voice Perfect; безличная конструкция в пассивном залоге; повторение форм пассивного залога
Словарный минимум
Существительные:
patron
покровитель, заступник
saint
святой
failure
неудача, провал, отсутствие
birth
рождение; начало, источник
remnant
остаток, пережиток
pole
1. шест, столб; 2. полюс
eve
канун; зд.: сочельник
damage
вред, повреждение, ущерб
witch
ведьма, колдунья
pumpkin
тыква
gift
подарок, дар
dummy
чучело, кукла, манекен
fireplace
камин, очаг
turkey
индейка
marzipan
марципан (крем из миндаля, сахара и др. для
98
тортов)
lump
кусок, комок
Прилагательные:
exact
точный, правильный
appropriate
подходящий, соответствующий, свойствен-ный
fake
поддельный, фальшивый
previous
предыдущий, прошлый
prehistoric
доисторический
evil
дурной, злой, вредный, пагубный
horrible
ужасный, страшный
Глаголы:
vary
меняться, изменяться
disguise
скрывать, делать неузнаваемым
maintain
сохранять, поддерживать
cause
быть причиной, вызывать
celebrate
праздновать
intend
намереваться
receive
получать
conceal
срывать, прятать
hunt
охотиться, искать
attach
прикреплять, привязывать
allow
позволять, допускать
refuse
отказывать
fill
наполнять
Словосочетания:
Good Friday
страстная пятница
Easter Monday
пасхальный понедельник
Welsh leek
уэльский лук-порей
Irish shamrock
ирландский трилистник
Scottish thistle
шотландский чертополох
to take sb out for smth
пригласить, повести кого-то (в театр, ресто-ран)
to make fools of sb
дурачить, обманывать кого-то
to play tricks on sb
сыграть шутку с кем-то
99
to claim the right
требовать права
Gunpowder Plot
пороховой заговор
to let off fireworks
пускать фейерверки
Vocabulary Exercises
Упражнение 1. Вставьте пропущенные слова из словарного минимума.
1. The … date of some holidays varies greatly. 2. Who is the … saint of all lovers? 3. National symbols are worn on the … days. 4. On the 1st of April one may play … on the family and friends. 5. Nowadays in many villages you can see the … of the old traditions. 6. In spring people like to … the end of winter. 7. On 31st of October … and … spirits roam the country. 8. On the 5th of November children like to … fireworks. 9. Fa-ther Christmas arrives from the North … . 10. Children hang their stock-ings over the … and hope for the … .
Упражнение 2. Найдите соответствия следующих словосочета-ний:
a) declare the feelings, great disappointment, national symbol, iced fruit cake, coloured ribbons, stone circle, to see the sun rise, the major fes-tival, roast turkey, a native country, symbol of good luck;
b) родная страна, национальный символ, символ удачи, откры-вать чувства, разноцветные ленточки, большое разочарование, жаре-ная индейка, встречать восход солнца, главный праздник, заморо-женный фруктовый пирог, каменный круг.
Упражнение 3. Найдите русский перевод названий праздников.
1. Boxing Day
a) новогодняя ночь
2. Christmas Day
б) День Нового Года
3. Christmas Eve
в) Страстная Пятница
4. Easter Sunday
г) Первый день Пасхи
5. Good Friday
д) День всех святых
6. Halloween
е) Сочельник, канун Рождества
7. New Year‟s Day
ж) Рождество
8. New Year‟s Eve
з) День Подарков
100
Text. Customs and Holidays of Great Britain
There are only eight official public holidays a year in Great Britain. They are New Year Holiday, Good Friday, Easter Monday, May Day Hol-iday, Spring Holiday, Summer Holiday, Christmas Day, Boxing Day. They are called bank holidays because these days all banks and post offices are closed. The exact date of some holidays varies each year. But there are many more unofficial holidays with which different customs and traditions are connected.
St Valentine is the patron saint of lovers, and on 14th February young men and women declare their feelings for each other sending cards. Some people go to great lengths to disguise their handwriting in order to maintain their anonymity. Many people hope for cards (valentines) on St Valentine‟s Day and failure to receive any can cause great disappointment.
The patron saints of Wales, Ireland and England are, in order, St David, St Patrick and St George. Their days are celebrated on 1 March, 17 March and 23 April respectively. National symbols depicting the Welsh dragon or leek, the Irish shamrock and the English rose are worn on the appropriate days, and you will see small gatherings of the various national-ities having a drink together or celebrating in the streets – particularly when they are living away from their native country. St Andrew, the pa-tron saint of Scotland, has his day later in a year on 30 November. Scot-land‟s national symbol is the thistle.
Mothering Sunday, or Mother‟s Day falls three weeks before Easter Sunday. On this day mother is awarded for all her work looking after the house and family. Her husband and children usually buy her a card and a small gift, and traditionally bring her breakfast in bed. Sometimes she will also be taken out for lunch.
Normally called “April Fools‟ Day” is a day when you can light-heartedly make fools of your family, friends and colleagues by playing tricks on them. People send messages intended to mislead, offer fake food, create realistic-looking blood stains and so on. The joke must be received or believed by midday.
At Easter time, the British celebrate the idea of new birth by giving each other chocolate Easter eggs. Tradition says that these eggs are deli-
101
vered by the Easter Bunny (rabbit) and children like to hunt for small eggs concealed around the house.
Fish is traditionally eaten on Good Friday and Easter Cake is an iced fruit cake with a marzipan ring on the top.
As summer comes, Britain likes to celebrate the end of the winter. In previous centuries this festival was widely celebrated. Today, in many villages on the 1st Monday of May you can see the remnants of the old tra-ditions. Often a local girl is chosen and crowned ”Queen of the May”, and people dance around a May Pole – a tall pole with coloured ribbons at-tached to the top – on the village green.
Midsummer‟s Eve is celebrated by druids (practitioners of an an-cient religion) at the prehistoric stone circle of Stonehenge. In recent years groups of travelers and hippies have also tried to claim the right to enter the circle to see the sun rise on Midsummer‟s Day, but they have generally not been allowed because of fears of damage to the ancient monument.
The name Halloween means “holy evening”. According to folklore, on this night – 31 October – witches and evil spirits roam the country. These days, people dress up as witches and ghosts and have parties. They cut horrible faces in pumpkins and put a candle inside, which shines through the eyes. Children also play “trick-or-treat” on their neighbours, going from door to door and playing a harmless but slightly unpleasant trick on anyone who refuses to give them a sweet or other gift.
In 1605 a group of Catholic conspirators, led by Guy Fawkes, at-tempted to blow up the Protestant Parliament of King James I. On 5 No-vember the so-called “Gunpowder Plot” was discovered. Fawkes and his associates were caught and later burnt at the stake. On this day children make a “guy” – a dummy of Guy Fawkes – and burn it on a bonfire, and let off fireworks.
Most people in Britain see Christmas as the major festival of the year – an occasion for parties, giving and receiving gifts, eating and drink-ing, and generally having fun. On Christmas Eve, children hang stockings over the fireplace. They are told that Father Christmas or Santa Clause, ar-rives at night from the North Pole, climbs down the chimney and fills each stocking with presents. The children open their presents on Christmas morning.
Lunch is the most important point of Christmas Day. The tradition lunch consists of roast turkey with vegetables, followed by Christmas pud-ding, which is made with dried fruit and brandy.
102
People all over Britain celebrate the passing of the old year and the coming of the new. In Scotland, Hogmanay – as it is called there – is al-most as important as Christmas. The Scots take New Year‟s Eve very se-riously. The so called “first footers” go from house to house after midnight carrying lumps of coal as symbol of good luck and they expect a glass of whiskey in each house they visit.
Text Exercises
Упражнение 1. Согласитесь или опровергните следующие ут-верждения.
1. Mother is awarded for her work looking after the house every day.
2. First-footer usually brings a lump of sugar as a symbol of good luck.
3. People like to dress up as witches and ghosts on 31st of October.
4. Meat is traditionally eaten on Good Friday.
5. Druids, travelers and hippies see the sun rise at the prehistoric stone circle of Stonehenge.
6. Father Christmas hangs stockings over the fireplace and fills them with presents.
7. Guy Fawkes failed to blow up the Parliament.
8. St David is a saint patron of all lovers.
9. The banks, post offices and shops are closed only on Sundays.
10. Easter Cake is eaten on Good Friday.
Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.
1. When might you receive something from an unknown person?
2. What is the connection between George and a rose?
3. Who stays in bed late a few weeks before Easter?
4. When do rabbits lay eggs?
5. When is the first holiday in May?
6. What do druids, travelers and hippies have in common?
7. What happens to people who don‟t give children a “treat‟ on 31 October?
8. What is a “guy”?
9. What is another name for Father Christmas?
10. When and where might you be given a lump of coal?
103
Упражнение 3. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения.
1. В Британии много традиций и обычаев, связанных с празд-никами.
2. В день святого Валентина, друга и покровителя влюблѐн-ных, люди открывают чувства друг другу и посылают открытки-валентинки.
3. Дни святых покровителей Англии, Шотландии, Уэльса и Ирландии празднуются людьми различных национальностей, особен-но когда они живут далеко от родины.
4. День Матери отмечается в Великобритании весной, перед Пасхой, а в России – в ноябре.
5. Первого апреля, в день смеха, можно подшутить над семь-ѐй и разыграть коллег.
6. На Пасху в России есть обычай красить яйца, в Великобри-тании же люди дарят друг другу шоколадные яйца.
7. В мае в британских деревнях выбирают «королеву мая» и танцуют на траве.
8. Канун середины лета друиды отмечают с незапамятных времѐн в доисторическом Стоунхендже.
9. В праздник Хэллоуин люди любят переодеваться в костю-мы ведьм и привидений и устраивать весѐлые вечеринки.
10. На рождество в Британии, так же как на Новый Год в Рос-сии, собирается вся семья, потому что это семейный праздник.
Упражнение 4. Подготовьте сообщение о британских праздни-ках. Расскажите, какие британские праздники стали популярны в Рос-сии в последние годы.
Упражнение 5. Аудирование. Прослушайте диалог между ту-ристом и местной жительницей и ответьте на вопросы. Воспроизве-дите диалог в парах.
Tourist: Excuse me?
Woman: Yes?
Tourist: Could you tell me what is happening here, please?
Woman: Yes, it‟s a Bonfire Night.
104
Tourist: Sorry?
Woman: Guy Fawkes‟ Night. November 5th.
Tourist: What is that, please?
Woman: Every November 5th, people make a “guy” – like a dum-my.
Tourist: I see. And what do you do with these “guys”?
Woman: We burn them on bonfires all over Britain. Then we have fireworks to celebrate.
Tourist: What is it a celebration of?
Woman: We celebrate the fact that Guy Fawkes failed to blow up the King and the Houses of Parliament.
Tourist: When did that happen?
Woman: In 1605.
Tourist: You have long memories.
Woman: Yes, I suppose so.
Tourist: We have a similar celebration in my country on June 23rd.
Woman: What does that celebrate?
Tourist: Midsummer: the longest day of the year.
Woman: Oh, I see.
Tourist: Look, the fireworks are starting.
Вопросы:
1. What was the tourist interested in?
2. Why do people make a “guy” on November 5th?
3. When did Fawkes want to blow up the King and the Parliament?
4. Did he manage to do it?
5. What do people of the tourist‟s country celebrate?
6. What country do you think the tourist came from?
Упражнение 6. Прослушайте диалог между Полом Смитом и его дочерью Мэри и ответьте на вопрос: Why is Mary looking forward to Christmas? Воспроизведите диалог в парах.
Mary: Oh, I wish it were Christmas today!
Paul: Christmas? But it‟s only September! There‟s a lot to look forward to before Christmas.
Mary: What?
Paul: Well, there‟s Halloween.
105
Mary: Mm.
Paul: You know you like Halloween. All that dressing up and play-ing tricks.
Mary: I suppose so.
Paul: Then there‟s Bonfire Night.
Mary: Mm.
Paul: Oh, come on, Mary. You love making a guy and watching fireworks.
Mary. Yes, may be.
Paul: Anyway, why are you so looking forward to Christmas?
Mary: Because Mum said I could have a new bike.
Упражнение 7. Составьте диалоги на основе одной из ситуа-ций:
а) местный житель объясняет британцу, почему 8 марта жен-щинам дарят цветы и делают подарки. Британец говорит, что у них тоже есть подобный праздник, День матери;
б) дочь объясняет маме, почему она ждѐт с нетерпением Ново-го Года (Рождества, дня рождения и т.д.).
Упражнение 8. Кроссворд «Праздники». Переведите следую-щую группу слов на английский язык. Запишите их в соответствую-щие клеточки. Решив кроссворд, в колонке по вертикали вы прочтѐте ещѐ одно слово по текущей теме.
Годовщина, Рождество, поздравления, Пасха, помолвка, фей-ерверки, Хэллоуин, свадьба.
Т
106
Grammar Exercises
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения на рус-ский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы have to, be to.
1. I was to wait for her at the railway station. 2. We were to go to the cinema that afternoon. 3. They were to start on Monday. 4. Roses are to be planted round the pond. 5. He is to come here at five o‟clock. 6. He had to take it. 7. I had to read the letter twice before I understood it. 8. I had to go there alone. 9. He was to tell her where to find us. 10. She was to graduate that year.
Упражнение 2. Завершите следующие высказывания по образ-цу.
a) Example: I missed the last train. (spend the night at the station.) – I missed the train so I had to spend the night at the station.
1. I missed the last bus. (walk home) 2. There were no seats in the train. (stand) 3. I lost my dictionary. (buy) 4. I couldn‟t find a hotel. (stay at my relatives‟) 5. My radio-set wasn‟t working. (repair) 6. Our lift was out of order. (walk up to my flat) 7. We couldn‟t hear what the speaker was saying. (change our seats).
b) Example: I have a toothache. (go to the dentist) – I’ll have to go to the dentist.
1. I‟m busy now. (write the report by Monday) 2. I‟ve lost my dic-tionary. (buy a new one) 3. It is raining. (you, take an umbrella) 4. She is out. (you, to wait) 5. The bus is late. (we, take a taxi) 6. Peter didn‟t pass his exam yesterday. (take it again in a week) 7. Mike can‟t translate the text himself. (I, help him).
c) Example: Tom had to go to the police station. (why) – Why did he have to go there?
1. Ann has to leave tomorrow. (what time) 2. We had to answer a lot of questions at the exam. (how many) 3. I have to get up early now. (why) 4. Somebody will have to help him. (who) 5. I shall have to go to the station today. (why) 6. I had to return home. (why) 7. Mike has to spend his weekend at home. (why) 8. I had to wait for Peter. (how long).
107
Упражнение 3. Составьте предложения, используя модальные глаголы, данные в скобках.
1. It isn‟t necessary to buy a ticket (need). 2. I advise him to be more careful (ought). 3. I think that is John‟s car (must). 4. I don‟t think he is her brother (can‟t). 5. He couldn‟t swim when he was five (to be able to). 6. You are not allowed to play in the garden (mustn‟t). 7. It‟s not poss-ible for you to eat so much (can‟t). 8. We don‟t have to go shopping with Mum (needn‟t). 9. Is it really possible that she‟s 50 years old (can)? 10. I advise you to study harder (should).
Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения на анг-лийский язык, используя модальные глаголы.
1. Он ещѐ не может читать такие сложные книги. 2. Мы можем начать работу сейчас же. 3. Я не могла заниматься английским в прошлом году, я была очень занята. 4. Я надеюсь, что смогу сделать эту работу сам. 5. Он не смог встретить нас вчера. 6. Можно мне по-смотреть этот журнал? 7. Ему не разрешают приходить домой поздно. 8. Тебе позволили брать эти книги? 9. Я должна написать доклад к пятнице. 10. Мы должны навестить еѐ ещѐ раз. 11. Мне надо перевес-ти всю статью? 12. Тебе приходится делать это каждый день? 13. По-чему ему приходится так рано вставать? 14. Можете пользоваться словарями. 15. Он должен был приехать вчера. 16. Я опаздывал, по-этому мне пришлось взять такси. 17. Вам не надо отвечать на все во-просы. 18. Мне не надо ходить в магазин. Папа купил все продукты. 19. У нас достаточно времени. Торопиться незачем. 20. Вам не следу-ет так разговаривать с ней. 21. Вам необходимо посетить эту выстав-ку. 22. Я могу заварить чай. 23. Этого нельзя делать. 24. Поезд дол-жен прибыть через час. 25. Я не могу есть много хлеба. 26. Я должен был встать в семь утра. 27. Мне нельзя здесь долго оставаться. 28. Они не могли бежать очень быстро. 29. Тебе придѐтся говорить с ни-ми по-английски. 30. Ему разрешили остаться здесь.
Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения, содер-жащие повелительное наклонение, на русский язык.
1. Say your name. 2. Have some chocolate. 3. Do as you wish. 4. Show him where we are. 5. Do not worry. 6. Don‟t do that again. 7. Don‟t drop the glass. 8. Don‟t whisper the answer. 9. You start and I continue.
108
10. You go and stand there, Alison. 11. Let‟s have a bite. 12. Let‟s go to Mexico together. 13. Let‟s go shopping. 14. Let him read. 15. Let him alone. 16. Let them write. 17. Let it be. 18. Let them be angry. 19. Let me think. 20. Don‟t let him hurry. 21. Let me explain. 22. Don‟t let me down. 23. Don‟t let him smoke. 24. Don‟t let the fire go out. 25. Let the music play. 26. Do sit down. 27. Do be careful. 28. Let the music play. 29. Let‟s finish the job first. 30. Please, somebody, answer the phone.
Упражнение 6. Переведите следующие предложения на анг-лийский язык, употребляя повелительное наклонение.
1. Уходи. 2. Садитесь на диван, пожалуйста. 3. Да садитесь же! 4. Пусть она тоже присядет. 5. Пишите быстрее. 6. Не делайте оши-бок. 7. Пусть они пишут тоже. 8. Не разговаривайте в классе. 9. Пусть они не пишут на парте. 10. Не берите ручку Джона. 11. Пусть он пи-шет своей ручкой. 12. Отпустите их. 13. Не дайте им упасть. 14. Да-вайте отправимся пораньше. 15. Пускай они переводят эту статью. 16. Разрешите ей поспать. 17. Да выходите же из класса. 18. Позвольте Бобу выпить молока. 19. Не давайте ему старую книгу. 20. Давайте пойдѐм куда-нибудь, где мы можем потанцевать.
Упражнение 7. Переведите на русский язык предложения, со-держащие Passive Voice Perfect.
1. Mary is proud. Her work has been praised. 2. What‟s happened? – The window has been broken. 3. Jane hasn‟t been told about it. 4. Many new buildings have been built in our town lately. 5. Dick is happy. His dog has been found. 6. There isn‟t any food left. All of it has been eaten. 7. I can‟t find my car anywhere. I think it has been stolen. 8. The house looks quite new. It has been painted. 9. Have you ever been interviewed on tele-vision? 10. Today‟s post hasn‟t been brought up yet, has it? 11. The room had been prepared for the Hunts but they didn‟t come. 12. By 5 o‟clock the experiment had already been completed. 13. The car will have been re-paired by Saturday. 14. The work will have been finished before you come back. 15. The roof will have been painted by the evening.
Упражнение 8. Ответьте на следующие высказывания, исполь-зуя подсказки в скобках.
Example: Can I see today’s paper? (receive) – I’m afraid you can’t. It hasn’t been received yet.
109
1. Can I read the telegram? (not to deliver) 2. Can you give me the book? (not to bring) 3. Can I have dinner? (not to cook) 4. Can I take the documents? (not to sign) 5. Can I use your phone? (not to fix).
Example: Will you please fix the tent? – As a matter of fact it has already been fixed.
1. Will you inform them about the meeting? 2. Will you instruct him how to do it? 3. Will you repair the TV set? 4. Will you please trans-late the letters? 5. Will you please send the documents?
Example: Let’s go to Peter’s birthday. (invite) – How can we? We haven’t been invited.
1. Let‟s listen to Text 10. (not to record) 2. Let‟s unpack the lug-gage. (not to bring) 3. Let‟s play the piano. (not to tune) 4. Let‟s have din-ner. (not to cook) 5. Let‟s watch TV. (the TV set, not to repair).
Example: She was angry. (lose the tickets) – The tickets had been lost.
1. He came too late (discuss the question). 2. She looked happy (praise for good work). 3. He was surprised (not, invite). 4. He was wor-ried (not, send a visa). 5. Mr Smith was angry (damage his car).
Example: The books will be published soon. (by the end of the year) – The books will have been published by the end of the year.
1. The work will be done tomorrow (by tomorrow). 2. Everything will be arranged in time (before he comes). 3. The papers will be signed at 5 o‟clock (by 5 o‟clock). 4. The letters will be sent on Sunday (by Sun-day). 5. The computer will be tested in a few days (by the end of the work-ing day).
Упражнение 9. Запомните и переведите этот шуточный мини-рассказ. Обратите внимание на место предлога.
He was talked about. He was sent for. He was waited for. He was looked at. He was listened to. He was laughed at.
Упражнение 10. Переделайте следующие предложения в Pas-sive Voice, обращая внимание на место предлога.
Example: We often speak about her. – She is often spoken about.
110
1. We thought about our friend all the time. 2. The doctor will oper-ate on him in a week. 3. They looked for the newspaper everywhere. 4. Nobody slept in the bed. 5. Everybody listened to the lecturer with great attention. 6. The young mothers looked after their babies with great care. 7. They spoke much about this film. 8. He insisted upon this. 9. They ha-ven‟t heard of him for years. 10. She often refers to this book.
Упражнение 11. Переделайте следующие предложения в Pas-sive Voice. Употребите предлог by, только если это необходимо.
1. People grow rice in India. 2. People speak Spanish in Venezuela. 3. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. 4. My grandmother made that table. 5. They are fixing my car today. 6. Someone cut that tree last week. 7. Three continents surround the Mediterranean Sea. 8. People didn‟t build Rome in a day. 9. They don‟t pay Jim very much. 10. Students are doing a lot of work. 11. They will send us a box of fruit. 12. Ivan Su-sanin led the Poles into the thickest part of the forest. 13. They water the flowers regularly. 14. You promised me these books long ago. 15. Every-one knows this fact very well. 16. They opened the theatre only last month. 17. Did they say anything interesting? 18. You must finish the work by seven o‟clock. 19. I don‟t think anyone can do it. 20. Somebody is press-ing Mary‟s dress.
Упражнение 12. Переделайте следующие предложения в Active Voice. Введите любые подходящие подлежащие.
1. This mountain has never been climbed before. 2. Why have these cups been put here in this cupboard? 3. The work was finished in time. 4. When was it done? 5. What has been said is true. 6. He was fined for crossing the street in the wrong place. 7. The Greeks were attacked by the Persians from the sea. 8. This book must be read by every student. 9. Which article was translated by your brother? 10. This name was seldom mentioned in his novels. 11. I am often told about it. 12. By three o‟clock everything was prepared. 13. Whom was the poem written by? 14. The girl was not allowed to go to the concert. 15. The chicken was eaten with appe-tite. 16. It was so dark, that the houses could not be seen. 17. They were being taught drawing at that lesson. 18. This funny animal was laughed at. 19. You have been looked for the whole morning. 20. The child is taken care of.
111
Упражнение 13. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Pas-sive Voice.
1. Bread (to eat) every day. 2. The letter (to receive) yesterday. 3. Nick (to send) to Moscow next week. 4. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 5. I (to give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday. 6. Many houses (to build) in our town every year. 7. This work (to do) tomorrow. 8. These trees (to plant) last autumn. 9. This bone (to give) to my dog tomor-row. 10. Hockey (to play) in winter. 11. Mushrooms (to gather) in summer. 12. Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London. 13. St. Petersburg (to found) in 1703. 14. Tom and Bill (not to invited) to the party yet. 15. This newspaper (to print) every day for twenty years. 16. The gates (to close) very early, haven‟t they? 17. A new highway (to build) between Germany and the Netherlands now. 18. You (to annoy) by those children, are you? 19. The house (to build) when I learned at school. 20. Budapest (to divide) by the Danube into two parts: Buda and Pest.
Упражнение 14. Ответьте на вопросы, используя пассивные формы глаголов и предлоги.
1. What must be done with a bad tooth? (pull) 2. What has to be done with dirty plates and cups at the end of the meal? (wash) 3. What should happen if mistakes appear in students‟ works? (point) 4. What might happen if you crossed a busy street without looking? (knock) 5. What would happen to a lighted candle if there were a sudden gust of wind? (blow) 6. What happens to traffic in a traffic jam? (hold) 7. A notice has disappeared from the table. What may have happened? (take) 8. I dropped a $ 1 note in the street, and can‟t find it. What could have hap-pened to it? (pick).
Упражнение 15. Переведите следующие предложения на анг-лийский язык, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice.
1. Меня познакомили с этим учѐным в прошлом году. 2. На ка-кие книги вы ссылаетесь? 3. Где вы так долго были? Вас искали. 4. Об этом случае много говорят в нашем институте. 5. Не беспокойся, ей помогут в работе. 6. В нашем районе строится новая школа. 7. Этот мост ещѐ строится. Он строился, когда я его увидел в первый раз. 8. Где будет построена новая больница? 9. Это письмо написано моей сестрой. 10. Работа будет окончена вовремя. 11. Этот учебник продаѐтся во многих магазинах. 12. Им даѐтся час на обед. 13. Его
112
пошлют в Нью-Йорк. 14. Мне дадут почитать книгу. Потом я верну книгу. 15. Эта мышь была поймана ночью. 16. Мою подругу каждый год посылают за границу. 17. Детей оставили дома одних. 18. Доктора попросят вылечить меня. 19. Когда были посажены эти яблони? 20. Его воспитала сестра. 21. Кошку надо кормить рыбой. 22. Собаку можно кормить мясом и овощами. 23. Ребѐнку нужно давать фрукты. 24. Можно кошку оставить во дворе? 25. Как можно перевести это слово?
Test № 6
Customs and Holidays of Great Britain
Выберите правильный ответ.
1. What are Bank Holidays?
a) unofficial holidays; b) public holidays; c) Sunday holidays.
2. What do people do on 14th February?
a) fall in love; b) receive special cards; c) go to walk.
3. What is 5th November?
a) St Patrick Day; b) St Valentine‟s Day; c) Guy Fawkes‟ Night.
4. What is the national symbol of England?
a) rose; b) shamrock; c) leek.
5. What holiday is before Easter Sunday?
a) May Day; b) Mother‟s Day; c) April‟s Fool Day.
6. On Aprils‟ Fool Day people …
a) send messages; b) offer food; c) play tricks.
7. What is Easter Bunny?
a) egg; b) rabbit; c) turkey.
8. When is “Queen of the May” chosen?
113
a) in the middle of May;
b) at the beginning of May;
c) at the end of May.
9. What do druids do in Stonehenge?
a) meet hippies and travelers;
b) study the ancient religion;
c) meet the sunrise.
10. On 31st October children …
a) play trick or treat; b) roam the country; c) give anyone a sweet.
11. What is the major festival in Britain?
a) New Year; b) Easter; c) Christmas.
12. Who fills the children‟s stockings with presents?
a) Hogmanay; b) Father Christmas; c) first-footer.
13. St. David is a patron Saint of …
a) Wales; b) Scotland; c) Ireland.
14. What is Mother‟s Day?
a) public holiday; b) winter holiday; c) spring holiday.
15. When can a first-footer expect a glass of whiskey?
a) on Christmas Eve; b) on New Year‟s Eve; c) on Sunday.
Lesson 8
Mass Media in Great Britain
Grammar: неличные формы глагола: инфинитив; конструкции с ин-финитивом; виды придаточных предложений в английском языке
Словарный минимум
Существительные:
advertising
реклама
feature
черта, особенность
mass media
средства массовой информации
newssheet
листовка
bookseller
книготорговец
portability
портативность
newscast
обзор новостей
cover
обложка
binding
переплѐт
114
magazine
журнал
event
событие, происшествие
subscription
подписка
readership
читатели
circulation
тираж
Прилагательные:
entertaining
развлекательный
profound
глубокий, основательный
popular
популярный
quality
серьѐзный, качественный
daily
ежедневный
Глаголы:
focus
сосредоточиваться
unite
объединяться
include
включать, содержать в себе
appear
появляться
develop
развиваться
present
представлять, преподносить
provide
обеспечивать, снабжать
design
предназначать, задумывать, проектировать
consist of
состоять
mention
упоминать, ссылаться на
Словосочетания:
to be widespread
быть широко распространѐнным
to be on sale
быть в продаже
Vocabulary Exercises
Упражнение 1. Подберите определения к следующим словам:
A serial, circulation, a viewer, mass media, news, magazine, reader-ship, newspaper, radio, television:
1) what is reported about recent events;
115
2) a book with a paper cover which is printed every week or every month;
3) a person watching a TV programme;
4) a number of copies of a newspaper or other periodical sold to the public;
5) the people who read a newspaper or a magazine;
6) mass communications (TV, radio, newspapers);
7) a story appearing in parts on radio, TV, or in a newspaper;
8) printed publication, usually issued daily with news, advertise-ments, etc.;
9) communication by electromagnetic waves;
10) the process of transmitting pictures by radio waves with sound of at the same time.
Упражнение 2. Из слов в скобках выберите одно, подходящее по смыслу.
1. When will your new novel (develop, appear, mention)? 2. This room was (mentioned, included, designed) for children. 3. He (mentioned, provided, united) to me that he had seen you. 4. This case (presents, de-signs, appears) some interesting features. 5. He was a man of (popular, dai-ly, profound) learning. 6. England and Scotland (united, appeared, men-tioned) in 1707. 7. He fell into the water, much to the (newscast, enter-tainment, popularity) of the onlookers. 8. We must (develop, include, fo-cus) the natural resources of our country. 9. He has a large family to (unite, develop, provide) for. 10. The (advertising, portability, circulation) of my tape-recorder is exaggerated.
Упражнение 3. Найдите русский перевод следующих слов, свя-занных с периодическими изданиями.
1. Article
a) журнал
2. Column
b) газета
3. Daily
c) ежедневный
4. Editor
d) еженедельный
5. Editorial
e) заголовок
6. Headline
f) статья
7. Journalist
g) рубрика
116
8. Magazine
h) колонка
9. News
i) передовица
10. Newspaper
j) новости
11. Section
k) журналист
12. Weekly
l) редактор
Text. Mass Media
Mass media are one of the most characteristic features of modern civilization. People are united into one global community with the help of mass media. People can learn about what is happening in the world very fast using mass media. The mass media include newspapers, magazines, radio and television.
The earliest kind of mass media was newspaper. The first newspa-per was Roman handwritten newssheet called “Acta Diurna” started in 59 B.C. Magazines appeared fro newspapers and booksellers‟ catalogues. Ra-dio and TV appeared only in the 20th century.
The most exciting and entertaining kind of mass media is television. It brings moving pictures and sounds directly to people‟s homes. So one can see events in faraway places just sitting in his or her chair.
Radio is widespread for its portability. It means that radios can easi-ly be carried around. People like to listen to the radio on the beach or pic-nic, while driving a car or just walking down the street. The main kind of radio entertainment is music.
Newspapers can present and comment on the news in much detail in comparison to radio and TV newscasts. Newspapers can cover much more events and news.
Magazines do not focus on daily, rapidly changing events. They provide more profound analysis of evens of preceding week. Magazines are designed to be kept for a longer time so they have cover and bindings and are printed on better paper.
The British Media
The British Media consists of the press and radio and TV broadcast-ing.
117
Now a couple words about newspapers. First of all there is no sub-scription. You may buy any on sale. There are two main types of newspa-pers: the “popular” papers and the “quality” papers.
The popular papers are less in size, with many pictures, big head-lines and short articles. They are easy to read. There are such papers as “Daily Express”, “ Daily Mail”, “Daily Mirror”, “Daily Star”, “ The Sun” and others. Most popular papers are tabloids, i.e. papers with small-size pages.
The “quality” papers are for more serious readership. These papers are big in size, with larger articles and more detailed information. The “quality” papers are – “The Times”, “The Guardian”, “Financial Times”, “Daily Telegraph”, and “The Independent”.
In addition to daily papers we have just mentioned above there are Sunday papers. They have a higher circulation that the dailies. Sunday pa-pers in Britain are such “quality” papers as „Observer”, “Sunday Times”, “Sunday Telegraph” and such “popular” papers as: “News of the World”, “Sunday Express”, “Sunday Mirror”, “Mail on Sunday”.
As far as broadcasting and telecasting are concerned there are two radio and TV stations. The first one – well-known BBC – British Broad-casting Corporation, and the second – IBA – Independent Broadcasting Authorities.
Text Exercises
Упражнение 1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What kind of mass media do you know?
2. What was the earliest kind of mass media/
3. Why is the television so exciting?
4. What is the reason for widespread use of radios?
5. What advantages do newspapers have over the other kinds of mass media?
6. What is the difference between the newspaper and the maga-zine?
7. What does the British Media consist of?
8. What are two main types of newspapers in Britain?
9. Who are “quality” papers for?
Упражнение 2. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:
118
a) what types of programmes can be seen in Great Britain?
b) what types of programmes do you prefer?
Different types of TV programmes can be seen in Great Britain. News is broadcast at regular intervals and there are panel discussions of current events, both national and international. Operas, ballets, music con-certs and variety shows are presented at various times. Broadcasts for schools are produced on five days of the week during school hours. In the late afternoon and early evening TV stations show special programmes for children. In the evenings and at weekends there are broadcasts of sport events. Large part of TV evening time is often occupied by serials – films which appear on television in parts daily or at intervals.
Упражнение 3. Согласитесь или не согласитесь с данными ут-верждениями (выскажите своѐ мнение).
1. TV is more interesting when you watch it in colour.
2. Since television has been widely introduced into our home life we go to the cinemas and theatres less often.
3. We listen to the radio for the information.
4. Reading newspapers is not my hobby.
Упражнение 4. Прочитайте диалог и ответьте на вопросы:
a) What are the programmes Henry and his wife listen to the radio?
b) What broadcasts does John‟s wife listen to during the day?
John and Henry, two Englishmen, are speaking about radio pro-grammes.
John: How often do you listen to the radio?
Henry: We usually switch on to the morning news and it often stays on till I leave for the office.
John: Don‟t you listen to any concerts?
Henry: Sometimes, when there is a programme that we like, but we don‟t like anything toо highbrow.
John: You don‟t mean to say you listen to all variety programmes?
Henry: No, only to the best ones.
John: My wife says she always listens to the radio during the day while she is doing her housework. She has even listened to the school broadcasts and learned quite a lot of interesting things.
119
Henry: Doesn‟t she watch television in the day-time?
John: No, she is toо busy for that.
Упражнение 5. Аудирование. В течение года Карл проживает в британской семье, изучая английский язык. Прослушайте, о чѐм он говорит с дочерью хозяев дома, Анной, а затем воспроизведите диа-лог в парах.
Talking about Newspapers
Anna: I‟m just going to the High Street. Do you want anything?
Carl: Are you going to the newsagent‟s?
Anna: I could do. What do you want?
Carl: Could you get me a newspaper, please?
Anna: Yes, of course. Which one do you want?
Carl: Um, I‟m not sure.
Anna: Do you want a national paper or a local one?
Carl: A national daily paper, please.
Anna: Do you want a tabloid or a quality paper?
Carl: What‟s the difference?
Anna: Um, I don‟t know how to explain.
Carl: Which is easier to understand?
Anna: Well, tabloids use fewer words, and they tend to use simpler words. But they also use more slang and word play.
Carl: Which is cheaper?
Anna: Tabloids are definitely cheaper than quality papers.
Carl: Which has more international news?
Anna: Quality newspapers definitely have more news than tabloid newspapers, and lots more articles on international news.
Carl: I see. In that case, would you get me a quality newspaper, please?
Anna: Certainly. Which one?
Carl; I don‟t know. You choose.
Anna: OK.
Упражнение 6. Выполните следующие задания:
а) составьте диалог на тему “Радио и телевидение в моей жиз-ни”, используя упражнения 2, 3, 4.
120
б) приготовьте сообщение по теме “Mass Media in Britain”.
Grammar Exercises
Упражнение 1. Определите функции инфинитива, предложе-ния переведите.
1. To read much is to know much. 2. I want to buy a new TV set. 3. He was the first man to tell me about it. 4. The duty of the journalists is to tell people the truth. 5. To serve the interests of people is the main purpose of any good journalist. 6. The journalist must be a well-educated man with a broad outlook to be successful in his profession. 7. He must be able to write in clear, simple and direct language. 8. It is necessary for you to know the truth. 9. She went to London to write some articles. 10. We dis-cussed the method to be used in the experiment. 11. To solve this problem is very important for our society. 12. To get to other planets we must have powerful sources of energy. 13. Many cities are too noisy to live in. 14. It‟s never too late to learn. 15. It is good to love and to be loved. 16. The weather seems to be changing. 17. It‟s very nice of you to have come here. 18. He can‟t help you. 19. My son likes to read popular newspapers. 20. I wanted to watch the weather forecast, but then I forgot about it.
Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, содержащие сложное дополнение.
1. I want you to read this article. 2. We don‟t expect him to arrive in time. 3. I know him to be a good specialist. 4. I believe her to be very plea-sant to deal with. 5. They advised us to go there in summer. 6. He saw them enter the house. 7. She felt somebody touch her hand. 8. I heard him arrive early in the morning. 9. We watched the ship leave the port. 10. No-body noticed him disappear. 11. I let him tell you about it. 12. He made me answer the letter. 13. We want you to make a speech. 14. I‟d like him to go to the university but I can‟t make him go. 15. I saw the plane crash into the hill and burst into flames. 16. Grandmother doesn‟t like the people to dis-agree with her. 17. My father likes me to play the piano. 18. At what time do you want the lecture to begin? 19. We all felt these words to be true. 20. Our teacher likes us to read well.
Упражнение __________3. Преобразуйте предложения по образцу.
121
Example: Everybody considers that he is a clever man. – Everybody considers him to be a clever man.
1. I know that he is a good teacher. 2. Everybody believes that he is right. 3. I have never heard how she plays the piano. 4. The student expects that the article will be published. 5. I believe that she is a great actress. 6. We discovered that the task was difficult. 7. We discovered that he was dishonest. 8. I found that it was impossible. 9. She believes that they are good students. 10. Medical science has determined that smoking is dan-gerous. 11. He felt as somebody looked at him. 12. Nobody watched as she spoke on the telephone. 13. We saw that the children played hockey. 14. I admit that my story was false. 15. The doctor believed that his patient was very ill.
Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее.
1. He is said to know much. 2. She is known to be writing a new novel. 3. It is difficult for me to translate this text. 4. You seem to know everything. 5. He happened to be there at that moment. 6. She didn‟t prove to be right. 7. He is considered to be a clever student. 8. Children are sup-posed to obey their parents. 9. You are said to be a good sportsman. 10. I was made to do it. 11. I was allowed to go for a walk. 12. He is likely to win. 13. You are sure to fail. 14. They are expected to come in time. 15. The sun is known to be a source of power.
Упражнение 5. Измените предложения по образцу.
Example: People say that he is a clever man. – He is said to be a clever man.
1. They say that paper has been invented in China. 2. They say that Nick lived on potatoes and vinegar. 3. People know that he is armed. 4. They believe that many people were killed during the accident. 5. We ex-pect that the expedition will reach the South Pole in May. 6. We consider that she was the best singer in America. 7. They say that he is one of the best specialists. 8. People say that this palace will be built in three years. 9. The newspapers report that the President will arrive in Krasnoyarsk tomor-row. 10. They say that he will be interviewed by our TV stations. 11. We expect her to come tomorrow. 12. We know that this student misses classes. 13. They say that children prefer watching TV to reading books. 14. We know that the first newspaper appeared in Rome in 59 B.C. 15. We
122
believe that television is the most exciting and entertaining kind of mass media.
Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения, содержащие инфини-тивные конструкции и обороты.
1. He is waiting for the rain to stop. 2. Shall I buy this coat? – It‟s for you to decide. 3. The water is too cold for the children to bathe. 4. Here is the book for you to read. 5. It‟s too cold for us to go out. 6. The confe-rence to be held on Monday will settle this problem. 7. The new theatre to be opened on the 1st of March is the largest theatre in this city. 8. You are the man to do this. 9. He is strong enough to carry it. 10. It was pleasant for us to sit by the fire and listen to the radio. 11. The weather is likely to change. 12. His parents happened to have come. 13. He seemed to know her desire. 14. Don‟t make me tell the truth. 15. I didn‟t hear him say these words.
Упражнение 7. Переведите предложения, определите вид при-даточных предложений.
1. Listen to the weather forecast before you go out. 2. I‟ll tell him everything when he comes. 3. When I read newspapers for a long time, I get a headache. 4. We live now where we have always lived. 5. When I‟m working I don‟t like to be disturbed. 6. He will be here soon unless he has car troubles. 7. I‟ll give you his telephone number so that you won‟t have to look it up. 8. I took an umbrella for it was raining. 9. Now that school is over you will have more free time. 10. No matter how bad the weather is, we don‟t complain. 11. No matter when you arrive, please call me at once. 12. We met a woman who told fortunes with cards. 13. Do you remember the days when we were happy together? 14. He said that he was glad to be here. 15. He asked me when I was coming back from Europe. 16. No one knows what caused the accident. 17. That is the man whose car crashed. 18. Can you show me the house where Shakespeare lived? 19. They shut the window so that the neighbours could not hear the radio. 20. I promised to return the magazine as soon as I read it.
Упражнение 8. Составьте предложения по образцу.
A: Do you know the girl who was wearing a blue skirt?
B: You mean the one who was so funny.
The young man – green shirt – polite
123
The lady – large hat – talkative
The man – grey suit – tall
The students – blue jeans – friendly
The children – sport clothes – noisy
Упражнение 9. Составьте предложения по образцу.
A: I like programmes which make me think.
B: So do I. But Bill likes programmes which make him laugh.
Films – cry – think.
Letters – feel needed – feel cheerful.
Songs – sing – sleep.
Games – excited – tired.
Evenings – dream – dance.
Упражнение 10. Используйте в придаточных предложениях подходящие по смыслу союзы where, which, after, why, that, while, what, because, if, as, since, when, whether.
1. You have not changed … I saw you last. 2. … he has finished his work, he may go home. 3. The house … we live is new. 4. … the working day in Vladivostok is coming to an end; it is early morning in Kaliningrad. 5. I think … I can finish my work in a week. 6. I don‟t understand … you are talking about. 7. Ask him … he has brought all the books. 8. I don‟t know … I will go in summer. 9. I don‟t know … he will return. 10. Tell me … you like this quiz. 11. Do you listen to the radio … you are driving a car? 12. We understand … TV is very important in our life. 13. There are a lot of journalists ... the people highly respect. 14. This programme is sim-ilar to the “Wheel of Fortune” game … is shown in the USA. 15. The facts … the newspaper referred to were very important. 16. I don‟t know … he‟ll manage to buy this magazine. 17. Ask the student … he enjoys listen-ing in? 18. He left the house … he had listened to the latest news. 19. I watched this serial from beginning to end … I enjoyed it. 20. A newspaper editor decides … news should be printed.
Test № 7
Mass Media
Выберите правильный ответ.
1. We understand … TV is very important in our life.
124
a) that; b) what; c) because.
2. Newspapers are referred to as … .
a) mass media; b) press; c) the press.
3. … newspaper is published every day of the week except Sunday.
a) an every day; b) a regular; c) a daily.
4. Television, radio, newspaper, and magazines are called … .
a) multimedia; b) mass medium; c) mass media.
5. I hate TV … .
a) commercials; b) announcements; c) advertisements.
6. These programmes are each watched by around 19 million … every week.
a) watchers; b) spectators; c) viewers.
7. A … newspaper gives detailed accounts of world events, as well as reports on business, culture, and society.
a) serious; b) quality; c) official.
8. A … is a newspaper that has small pages, short articles, and lots of photographs.
a) broadsheet; b) tabloid; c) leaflet.
9. … is the total number of copies of a particular newspaper that are printed at one time.
a) an issue; b) a collection; c) an edition.
10. A … is a humorous drawing or a series of drawings in a news-paper or magazine.
a) caricature; b) cartoon; c) comic.
11. We didn‟t like new …, but when the film went on, we got more interested.
a) film; b) programme; c) serial.
12. He left the house after he had listened to the … news.
a) latest; b) later; c) latter.
13. A newspaper editor decides what … should be printed.
a) facts; b) news; c) articles.
14. In this article the scientist told us about the countries … he had been.
a) where; b) what;. c) when.
15. How many TV stations are there in Britain?
a) three; b) two; c) four.
125
Lesson 9
System of Education in Great Britain
Grammar: неличные формы глагола: причастие 1, причастие 2; кон-струкции с причастиями
Словарный минимум
Существительные:
education
образование
capacity
способность
graduate
выпускник вуза
post-graduate
аспирант
lecture-room
аудитория
study-room
учебный кабинет
hostel
общежитие
scientist
учѐный
schedule/time-table расписание
credit кредит, балл
syllabus/ a programme программа
certificate диплом, свидетельство
Глаголы:
to train
обучать, готовить
to learn
учить (что-либо)
to study
учиться
to enter поступать (в вуз)
Словосочетания:
to give an education
давать образование
to get/to receive an education
получить образование
primary/elementary education
начальное образование
secondary education
среднее образование
higher/university education
высшее образование
educational system
система образования
educational institution
учебное заведение
higher school
высшая школа
highly – educated
высокообразованный
126
to be good at
иметь способность к чему-либо
to get profound knowledge
иметь глубокие знания
to get superficial knowledge
иметь поверхностные знания
to be represented by
быть представленным чем-либо
to differ from
отличаться от
to carry out teaching/tuition
осуществлять обучение
the tutorial system
тьюторская __________система обучения
to compose the academic pro-gramme
составлять академическую про-грамму
elective course
предметы по выбору
an optional/obligatory subject
to carry on scientific/research work
обязательный курс
проводить научно-исследовательскую работу
Vocabulary Exercises
Упражнение 1. Прочитайте следующие слова:
[ i] - system, consist of, skills, activity, since, differ
[ i: ] - three, chief, stream, these, each, need, people, week, degree
[ ju: ] - education, university, tutorial, focused, student, graduate
[Λ] - study, plus, among, instruction, number, subject, discussion
[ æ ] - grammar, mathematics, natural, at, have, Cambridge
[ a: ] - apart, far, car, parliament
[ o: ] - according, Oxford, all, for, course, four, law
Упражнение 2. Назовите три формы глаголов:
ask, study, visit, open, discuss, paint, represent, contain, begin, bring, build, do, find, forget, get, give, go, have, hear, keep, know, make, meet, read, run, say, see, send, set, show, sit, speak, spell, spend, stand, swim, take, teach, tell, think, write, understand.
Упражнение 3. Назовите синонимы к следующим словам и словосочетаниям:
qualified, to get an education, to train, a faculty, a system of teach-ing, a degree, schedule, syllabus, a subject you choose, a subject you must study, the first scientific degree, the second scientific degree, elementary, to carry on scientific work, to finish, a student who studies all the time, a student who works and studies.
127
Упражнение 4. Назовите антонимы к следующим словосочета-ниям:
profound knowledge, to enter, capable, an elective course, a full-time student, higher education, to be equal, a first-year student.
Упражнение 5. Прочитайте вслух и переведите на русcкий язык следующие словосочетания:
to apply one's knowledge in practice; profound knowledge; to carry on research work; to study at a higher school, to be a full-time student, a schedule, a tutorial system, the tuition, a tutor, to enter, to graduate from, a graduate, a certificate, an academic year.
Упражнение 6. Подберите определения к словам:
1) a degree
1) teaching, instruction
2) examination
2) the area of the University, its buildings and surroundings
3) a term
3) the certificate awarded by a university to a student who has completed a course of study
4) tuition
4) a number of questions set to measure one‟s knowledge
5) University
5) Oxford and Cambridge
6) Bachelor‟s Degree
6) a higher educational establishment
7) to be educated
7) a semester
8) campus
8) the lowest degree awarded by the University
9) Oxbridge
9) to get profound knowledge
Text . The System of Education in Great Britain
The educational system in Great Britain is divided into three parts: primary, secondary and higher education.
Primary education consists of the infant school for children aged 5-7 and the junior school for children aged 8-11. At the age of 11 the pupils take the 11-plus examination, and according to the results of the test the pupils are sent to one of the main types of secondary schools – grammar, technical, modern or comprehensive.
The Higher Education in Great Britain is represented by the col-leges and universities. All British universities are private. The British uni-
128
versities can be divided into 3 main groups: the old universities; the red-brick universities which include all the provincial universities of the 1850-1930, as well as London University; the new universities founded since the Second World War.
In the group of old universities Oxford (1167) and Cambridge (1209) are the oldest ones (Oxbridge). A number of well-known scientists and writers were educated in Cambridge (Newton, Darwin, Byron, etc). These two universities differ greatly from all the others in general organi-zation, methods of instructions, syllabuses, traditions, history, etc. They are based on colleges (law, natural science, economy, agriculture, educa-tion, etc).
Apart from lectures teaching is carried out by tutorial system. This is a system of individual tuition, each tutor being responsible for the pro-gress of the students.
The typical academic programme for university students in Great Britain is composed of a varying number of courses or subjects. The aca-demic obligations for each subject fall into three broad types, lectures, tu-torials and examinations. Lectures often outline the general scope and the particular specialisation of the lecturer. Tutorials ensure the understanding of the subject, through individual or group discussion, under the tutor's di-rection.
The examinations on each subject require the students to consoli-date their knowledge of the subject, which they had gained through lec-tures, discussions and independent study. These three categories of aca-demic activity - lectures, tutorials and examination provide knowledge in British universities. The course of study at a university lasts three or four years. The first academic degree is given to the students who pass their ex-amination at the end of the course – Bachelor‟s Degree.
In 1971 the Open University was set up for the people who do not have time or the qualifications to study at a conventional university. There are weekly Open University lectures broadcast on BBC television and ra-dio. The students need to study about ten hours a week.
Text Exercises
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения на анг-лийский язык.
129
1. Система образования в Великобритании включает началь-ное, среднее, высшее образование
2. Краснокирпичные университеты были основаны в 1850-1930 гг., включая все провинциальные университеты, а также Лон-донский университет
3. В группе старых университетов – Оксфорд и Кембридж, на-зываемые Оксбридж.
4. Оксфорд и Кембридж отличаются от других университетов общей организацией.
5. Обучение осуществляется, используя лекции, семинары, эк-замены.
6. Экзамены сдали успешно все студенты, посещавшие лекции.
7. Курс обучения в Открытом университете продолжительнее, и составляет 6-8 лет.
8. Первая учѐная степень, получаемая студентом в университе-те, - Бакалавр.
9. Открытый университет, учреждѐнный в 1971 году, позволяет учиться тем, у кого нет времени учиться на дневном отделении.
10. Обучаясь хорошо, многие студенты получают гранты.
Упражнение 2. Закончите следующие предложения на основе текста.
1. The educational system in Great Britain is divided into … .
2. The higher education is represented by … .
3. The British universities can be divided into … .
4. The old universities are … .
5. The redbrick universities include … .
6. Oxbridge differs greatly from all other universities in … .
7. Tutorial system is the system … .
8. The typical academic programme is composed of … .
9. The lectures outline … .
10. The tutorials ensure … .
11. The examinations require the students … .
12. The course of study at the conventional university lasts … .
13. The first academic degree is … .
14. The Open University was set up for … .
15. The methods of instruction at the Open University are … .
130
Упражнение 3. Составьте ваши предложения с новыми слова-ми
а) на английском языке:
to enter, department, a system of teaching, schedule, syllabus, an elective course, to study regularly, to receive Bachelor‟s Degree;
б) на русском языке:
высшее образование, поступить, сдать экзамены успешно, обя-зательные предметы и курсы по выбору, расписание, программа, са-мостоятельная работа, выпускник.
Упражнение __________4. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
1. What chief areas is the educational system in Great Britain di-vided into?
2. Why is the 11plus examination important?
3. What is the higher education represented by?
4. What do Oxford and Cambridge differ from all other universities in?
5. How is teaching carried out?
6. What is the tutorial system? Who is a tutor?
7. What is the typical academic programme for the university stu-dents composed of?
8. What does a “schedule” mean?
9. What do the exams require?
10. How long does the course of study last?
11. What is the difference of the Open University from all the other Universities?
12. Whom do we call a Bachelor of Science?
Упражнение 5. Выделите главную мысль в каждом абзаце тек-ста, письменно составьте план пересказа текста.
Упражнение 6. Составьте диалоги по одной из следующих тем:
А) встреча российских и британских студентов (сравнить две системы образования);
Б) на международной конференции студентов по программам образования (сравнительный анализ) на основе следующей ситуации:
131
“Are you glad that you live in the first half of the twenty first cen-tury? Or do you wish you had lived and studied in the past century? If you had studied in the 20th century, for example, do you think you and your studies would have been more enjoyable? What are the advantages of modern higher education and qualified specialists?”
Упражнение 7. Прослушайте диалоги (работа в парах), воспро-изведите их.
Dialogue 1. «В библиотеке университета» (Joe – зарубежный стажѐр, библиотекарь).
Joe: We are foreign research students. My first question is how can I find out about the course requirements, lecture and laboratory schedules. I believe it‟ll be possible for me to take some undergraduate courses.
Librarian: All the information about pre-requisites, prescribed texts, lecture and laboratory time-tables is to be found in the University Calen-dar. We always have a copy for the current year on desk reserve.
Joe: Please, could you tell me the procedures for finding journal ar-ticles?
Librarian: We keep copies of the main abstracting journals in the reference section. If you want to find out our holding of a particular jour-nal you will have to use the library computer system.
Joe: OK, thank you.
Dialogue 2. «В библиотеке университета» (Joe – зарубежный стажѐр, библиотекарь).
Joe: Have you got an interloan system at the library?
Librarian: Since you are research students you will be able to use the interloan system, or production of your students‟ library card.
Joe: Please, explain, what these black bars on my library card mean?
Librarian: They are a bar code, like the universal code on super-market items. The one on your card is the individual number of your card. When you put your card I front of a card reader, the number is entered into the library computer. When you borrow a book it should have a similar bar code on it. This identifies the book for the computer: the fines for overdue books are steep.
Joe: Steep?
Librarian: Yes, the fines for overdue books are very expensive.
132
Joe: Thank you for your information. But I wonder if your cata-logue system here is different from the one we use back home.
Librarian: My pleasure. Bye.
Упражнение 8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. At the University library the student cards have bar code on them. What else has such codes?
2. What is “a course requirement”?
3. What is the library schedule?
4. In what library section are the copies of the abstracting journals kept?
5. How does a computer system help to find out books and journal articles?
Grammar Exercises
Упражнение 1. Прочитайте предложения и переведите их на русский язык, используя Participle I, II.
1. There is a lot of work waiting for me to do. 2. There are some people hurrying to us. 3. Who is the man sitting by the window? 4. Who is the lady standing at the time-table? 5. The cup broken by the man was old. 6. The things packed were winter things. 7. The fruit dried in summer will be eaten in winter. 8. The students taking part in the competition must be here at 4 o‟clock. 9. There were loud voices coming through the door. 10. They were eager to study foreign language taught at the university. 11. It was the work done by the farmers. 12. The test written by Kate is the best.
Упражнение 2. Вставьте вместо пропусков Participle I или Par-ticiple II.
1. The students have always been interested in books … (described, describing) different aspect of their future profession.
2. Flight to the Moon … (describing, described) by writers showed that people began to dream of space travel long ago.
3. Which do you know better: pictures … (painting, painted) by modern artists or the artists of the 19th century?
4. Who is the man … (told, telling) something interesting?
5. We watched the train … (steamed, steaming) past.
6. We heard the band … (playing, played) in the park.
133
7. I found the papers … (scattering, scattered) by the wind.
8. I heard my name … (calling, called).
9. I found him … (working, worked).
10. I saw the man … (getting off, got off) the bus.
11. She felt somebody … (touching, touched) her shoulder.
12. My task having been … (finishing, finished), I went to visit my friends.
13. The weather … (being, been) hot, the passengers took off their hats.
Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения на рус-ский язык, используя причастие 1 и 2.
1. The system of education in Great Britain is complex, including primary, secondary and higher schools.
2. Having passed the 11plus exam the pupils are sent to one of the secondary schools.
3. John entered the new university, founded since the Second World War.
4. There are a lot of scientists educated in Cambridge.
5. The tutorial system functions well, using individual tuition.
6. Having studied the traditions of the university, the students kept them up.
7. The tutor, being responsible for the progress of the students, helps them.
8. The academic programme is interesting, including the elective courses.
9. Having consolidated knowledge they passed all the exams well.
10. Being part-time students, they worked and studied.
11. The Bachelor‟s Degree is the first scientific degree, received by a student.
12. Having become a graduate, he continued his education.
Упражнение 4. Измените следующие предложения по образцу, используя the Nominative Absolute Participle Construction.
Example: As the rain had ruined her hat, she had to buy a new one. – The rain having ruined her hat, she had to buy a new one.
1. As there was nothing to do, we went home.
2. When the signal was given, the Festival began.
134
3. As the lecture was over, the students went to the lab.
4. If the time permits, I shall answer all your letters.
5. As Mary has come from the University, we had dinner.
6. As my sister has been busy, I stayed at home.
7. As they have returned my book, I can work further.
8. As the weather was still cold and windy she was wearing a heavy winter coat.
9. As all was ready, we could go home.
10. As their house was far, she didn‟t go to see them.
Упражнение 5. Измените следующие предложения по образцу, используя Complex Object.
Example: The students were going to the University. We saw them. – We saw the students going to the University.
1. She was looking round. Jane saw her.
2. She was watching him. Tom didn‟t see her.
3. Someone was shouting. Eric heard him.
4. Lena was looking at them. They noticed her.
5. My cheeks were going red. I felt them.
6. The gardeners were watering bed of lettuce. Bobby watched them.
7. I felt that I was doing something useful.
8. I noticed Kate. She was sitting against Freddy‟s chair.
9. I saw Dave. He was standing on the pavement.
10. I heard that a man was playing the guitar.
11. He opened the window. He heard how the birds were singing.
12. Julia saw Kate. Kate was striding across the grass.
Test № 8
The System of Education in Great Britain
Выберите правильный ответ.
1. The system of education consists of:
a) two parts; b) three parts; c) four parts.
2. Are the British universities private or state-supported?
a) private; b) state-supported; c) private and state-supported.
3. How many groups are all the British universities divided into?
a) two groups; b) three groups; c) five groups.
135
4. What do we call Oxbridge?
a) a student; b) a town; c) Oxford and Cambridge.
5. What are the universities based on?
a) colleges; b) farms; c) primary schools.
6. Who is responsible for the students‟ progress at the University?
a) parents; b) a tutor; c) a librarian.
7. What is the tutorial system?
a) a system of swimming; b) a system of individual tuition; c) a sys-tem of speaking.
8. What do the students need for examinations?
a) to consolidate knowledge; b) extra fee; c) traveling.
9. What does a tutor give recommendations to a student for?
a) hobby; b) independent study; c) playing chess.
10. How long does the course of study last at the conventional uni-versity?
a) 3 or 4 yeas; b) 5 years; c) 6 years.
11. How long does the course of study last at the Open University?
a) 3 or 4 yeas; b) 5 years; c) 6 - 8 years.
12. What courses for study can a student choose?
a) electives; b) academic obligations; c) tests.
13. Who is responsible for the tutorials?
a) a tutor; b) a Bachelor; c) a Master.
14. When were the new universities founded?
a) since the Second World War; b) in the 19th century; c) 10 years ago.
15. What is London University?
a) old university; b) redbrick university; c) new university.
Lesson 10
Agriculture of Great Britain
Grammar: неличные формы глагола: герундий; повторение неличных форм глагола
Словарный минимум
Существительные:
breed
порода
136
cattle
крупный рогатый скот
cereals
хлебный злак
demand
потребность, спрос
egg
яйцо
enclosure
огораживание
fertilizer
удобрение
fruit
фрукт
herd
стадо
livestock
домашний скот, поголовье
market
рынок
meat
мясо
milk
молоко
pasture
пастбище, выгон
peasant
крестьянин
poultry
домашняя птица
rent
арендная плата
supply
снабжение, поставка
tenant
фермер-арендатор
variety
сорт, вид, разновидность
vegetable
овощ
yield
урожай
Глаголы:
account for
отвечать за
achieve
достигать, добиваться
aim at
стремиться к
boost
поднимать, повышать
compete for
состязаться, соревноваться
depend on
зависеть
derive from
происходить, извлекать
employ
нанимать
grow
расти, выращивать
increase
возрастать, увеличиваться
obtain
получать, достигать
pay
платить
sell
продавать
undergo
испытывать, подвергаться
137
use
использовать
Прилагательные:
arable
пахотный
average
средний
consumer
потребительский
dairy
молочный
pedigree
племенной
rapid
быстрый
Словосочетания:
to meet the requirements
удовлетворять потребности
to be satisfied with
быть удовлетворѐнным чем-либо
Vocabulary Exercises
Упражнение 1. Определите значения следующих английских слов:
structure, social, productivity, industry, programme, method, leader, historical, tomato, total, prize, collection, computer, information, tech-nique, conference, centre, popular.
Упражнение 2. Вставьте соответствующие предлоги:
1. In Britain medium-sized farms (from 10 to 50 hectares) account ... some 40 % of the total agricultural output.
2. Landlords in Great Britain derive their incomes ... rents.
3. Farming depends ... many physical factors, such as relief, climate and soil.
4. Sometimes the landowners are not satisfied ... the rents.
5. The farmers are constantly aiming ... improving the quality of ag-ricultural products.
Упражнение 3. Образуйте причастие II от следующих
а) правильных глаголов:
to shape, to appear, to turn, to produce, to employ, to involve, to aim, to develop, to allow, to cross, to boost, to cultivate, to increase
138
б) неправильных глаголов:
to pay, to lead, to put, to become, to loose, to rise, to undergo, to sell, to grow, to feed, to give.
Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие словосочетания, обра-щая внимание на перевод:
а) причастия I:
the existing social structure of agriculture; following a long tradi-tion; improving farming methods; selling throughout the year; new varie-ties giving higher crops, the Show attracting everybody's attention
б) причастия II:
research projects aimed at improving machinery; arable crops grown in Britain; million hectares of cultivated land; increased production; plants fed by water rich in nutrients; held annually.
Text. Agriculture in Britain
The existing social structure of agriculture in Britain has been shaped by its historical development. By the end of the 15th century there appeared a peasantry paying rent to their landlords. But many lords and landowners were dissatisfied with the rents, and they tried to get rid of ten-ants who could not pay more. It led to enclosures – the separation of land from common ground by putting walls or fences or hedges round it. Ar-able land was turned into pastures for sheep, as wool produced high prof-its. Wool became Britain‟s most important export for several centuries af-ter this. The direct result of the enclosures movement was the loss of land and jobs for many thousands of peasants that eventually led to the disap-pearance of peasantry in Britain in the 18th century. Britain became de-pendant for its food supply on imported agricultural produce.
But nowadays British agriculture is noted for its high level of effi-ciency and productivity. Employing less than 3% of the population, the ag-riculture produces nearly two-thirds of Britain‟s food requirements. Britain today is self-sufficient in milk, eggs, potatoes, barley and oats. Also a large proportion of meat and vegetables is home-produced. Home-produced flour, cheese, bacon and ham meet half of the country‟s needs.
Following a long tradition of innovation, Britain is currently in-volved in a comprehensive programme of research projects aimed at im-
139
proving farming methods, machinery and the genetic quality of livestock and crops.
British livestock farmers have developed many of the cattle, sheep and pig breeds with world-wide reputations, such as Aberdeen Angus beef cattle, Romney sheep and Large White pigs. Expertise in this field has al-lowed Britain to become a world leader in the export of high quality ge-netic material from donor animals.
In the last 10 years the average milk yield per cow has risen by ap-proximately 1000 litres and stands at more than 5000 litres per year.
About 80% of home-produced milk and 65 % of beef production derive from the national dairy herd, in which the Friesian breed is pre-dominant. Friesian cows are often crossed with other breeds to obtain high – quality meat. Beef exports have risen steadily in recent years and now account for 17 % of total production. The country has a long tradition of sheep production, with more than 40 breeds. Britain‟s progressive pig in-dustry is responding to consumer demands by producing leaner meat achieved by crossing such breeds as the native Large White and the Land-race. The market for poultry meat - predominantly chicken, turkey and duck - has undergone rapid expansion. Improvements in breeding and hus-bandry techniques have boosted output, and turkey production, once aimed mainly at the Christmas market, now totals over 25 mln birds selling throughout the year.
Arable crops grown in Britain include cereals (wheat, oats), pota-toes, sugar beet and fodder crops (turnip, swede, kale). There are 12 mln hectares of cultivated land under crops (37%) and grass (40%). Britain is now the world‟s sixth largest exporter of cereals. Increased production has been achieved by the introduction of short-stemmed varieties giving higher yields, an increased growing area and a major more into autumn-sown crops.
Horticultural crops (fruit, vegetable and flowers) are largely grown on specialized holdings, but some are produced on arable farms. Also popular are English strawberries and Scottish raspberries.
Tomatoes form the most important glasshouse crop, and, together with lettuce and cucumbers, represent some 95% of the total value of glasshouse vegetable output. Glasshouse technology includes the use of automatically controlled heating, ventilation and watering. A recent inno-vation is hydroponics – a soil-less system of cultivation in which plants are fed by water rich in nutrients.
140
As a member state of the European Economic Community (EES), or Common Market, Britain applies the Common Agricultural market within the EES with its own prices.
Text Exercises
Упражнение 1. Скажите, в каком абзаце текста говорится о:
1) политике правительства Великобритании в области сельско-го хозяйства;
2) занятости населения Великобритании в сельском хозяйстве;
3) доле Великобритании в мировом экспорте зерновых куль-тур;
4) успехах британских фермеров в выведении новых пород сельскохозяйственных животных;
5) факторах, влияющих на повышение урожайности зерновых.
Упражнение 2. Скажите, какие абзацы текста можно озагла-вить следующим образом:
1. Home Food Supply.
2. Cattle Farming.
3. Short History.
4. Arable Farming.
5. The Government‟s Agricultural Policy.
6. Glasshouse Crops.
7. Horticulture.
Упражнение 3. Найдите эквиваленты:
а) следующим английским словосочетаниям
1. Specialized holding
1) мясо птицы
2. Varieties of strawberries
2) экспорт говядины
3. Poultry meat
3) высокие урожаи
4. Food supply
4) сорта земляники
5. Glasshouse crops
5) фуражные культуры
6. Arable land
6) поставка продуктов питания
7. Beef export
7) специализированное хозяйство
8. Native breed
8) пахотная земля
9. Folder crops
9) местная порода
10. High yields
10) тепличные культуры
141
б) следующим русским словосочетаниям
1. Скрещивать породы
1) develop breeds
2. Завозить фрукты
2) respond to consumer demand
3. Продавать мясо индеек
3) produce high profit
4. Повысить надои молока
4) cultivate plants
5. Давать высокую прибыль
5) import fruit
6. Выводить породы
6) cross breeds
7. Отвечать спросу потребителя
7) meet needs
8. Возделывать растения
8) use fertilizers
9. Удовлетворять потребности
9) increase milk yields
10. Использовать удобрения
10) sell turkey meat
Упражнение 4. Закончите следующие предложения в соответ-ствии с содержанием текста:
1. At present British agriculture is characterized by high level of …
2. Today Britain is self-sufficient in …
3. This country has become a world leader in the export of high quality genetic material from …
4. The average milk yield per cow is more than …
5. Friesian cows are often crossed with other breeds to obtain …
6. Arable crops cultivated in Britain include …
7. Horticultural crops are largely grown on specialized holdings and on …
8. Glasshouse technology includes the use of …
Упражнение 5. Согласитесь или опровергните следующие ут-верждения:
1. 40 % of the population of Britain is occupied in agriculture.
2. The aim of British agricultural research projects is to improve farming methods, machinery and the genetic quality of livestock and crops.
3. British livestock farmers have developed many breeds of cattle, sheep and pigs.
4. 20 breeds of sheep are bred in Britain now.
5. The Friesian breed is predominant in the national dairy herd.
6. Short-stemmed varieties of cereals are not cultivated in Britain.
7. Sugar beet is not grown in this country.
142
8. Britain is known to be one of the largest exporters of cereals in the world.
Упражнение 6. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. The existing social structure of agriculture in Britain has been shaped by its historical development, hasn‟t it?
2. When did peasantry appear in Britain?
3. Why was arable land turned into pastures?
4. When did peasantry disappear in this country?
5. Britain became dependant on imported agricultural produce in the 18th century, didn‟t it?
6. Is British agriculture characterized by high level of efficiency and productivity now?
7. What agricultural products does Great Britain produce?
8. What are the aims of British agricultural research projects?
9. British livestock farmers have developed many breeds of farm animals with world-wide reputations, haven‟t they?
10. What can you say about beef export in this country?
11. How many breeds of sheep are bred in Britain?
12. What fodder crops are cultivated in this country?
13. What kinds of poultry are kept in Britain?
14. What horticultural crops are grown on specialized holdings and arable farms?
15. What is hydroponics?
Упражнение 7. Сделайте сообщение по теме “Agriculture in Britain”.
Упражнение 8. Аудирование. Прослушайте, о чѐм Айэн, владе-лец фермы в Уэльсе, говорит с Полом, Сью и Мэри, показывая скот-ный двор. Воспроизведите диалог в парах, ответьте на вопросы к не-му и выполните задание.
Farm Animals
Ian: Those fields are ours and those are, too.
Sue: What animals do you keep?
Ian: Just about everything.
Mary: It‟s just like a farm in a story book.
Ian: Is it?
143
Mary: Yes, there are so many different animals.
Ian: Yes, you are right. Here in the farmyard we have ducks, chick-ens and a few pigs. Then in that field, we have a few sheep.
Mary: And some lambs, too.
Ian: Yes. And in this field, as you can see, we have cows.
Mary: Can you tell me why they are making that noise?
Ian: They need milking.
Paul: Is it true that cows enjoy being milked?
Ian: No, that‟s not quite true. Some cows enjoy it, but some don‟t. Would you like to help me to milk the cows?
Mary: Yes, I‟d love to.
Sue: And I‟d like to watch you milk the cows!
Вопросы.
1. What does Ian do for a living?
2. What animals does Ian keep at his farm?
3. What does Mary think about Ian‟s farm?
Задание. Подберите названия детѐнышей животных, данных в левой колонке.
horse
calf
cow
kid
hen
puppy
sheep
gosling
goat
foal
pig
kitten
duck
chicken
dog
duckling
cat
piglet
goose
lamb
Упражнение 9. Прослушайте продолжение диалога и подго-товьте сообщение по-английски о ферме Айэна.
Crops
Sue: What are your main crops?
Ian: We grow wheat, barley and some oats.
144
Paul: Am I right in thinking that it is harder to grow wheat than oats?
Ian: No, I don‟t think that‟s correct. In fact, in my experience, the opposite is true.
Paul: Oh.
Mary: When do you plant the crops?
Ian: We sow in the spring, then we harvest in the late summer, early autumn.
Mary: What is the man in the tractor doing?
Ian: He‟s harvesting the wheat. Actually, it‟s not a tractor. It‟s called a combine harvester.
Paul: I think we‟ve all got a lot to learn about the country.
Grammar Exercises
Упражнение __________1. Переведите следующие предложения на рус-ский язык, определите функции причастия I и причастия II:
1. The Lord Chancellor sits in the House of Lords on a large cush-ion stuffed with wool.
2. During the Industrial Revolution in Britain foodstuffs imported from overseas (Australia, New Zealand and Canada) became more profit-able.
3. Large farms having over 50 hectares of land and employing 4 or more fulltime workers produce about half of the total agricultural output.
4. Landowners having large estates and deriving income from rents are called landlords or landed aristocracy.
5. The increasing use of intensive methods of production in agri-culture has led to greater specialization.
6. Wheat and barley are the main cereals grown in the eastern part of the country.
Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски причастиями I или II от глаголов, данных в скобках. Предложения переведите.
1. The only force (to act) on a freely falling body in vacuum is gravity.
2. Scientists have (to develop) different types of lasers.
3. When (to place) over the fire, a substance becomes hot.
145
4. The results (to obtain) with a digital computer are more accurate, than the results (to obtain) with an analogue computer.
5. A person can travel by car through any country in Europe (to know) international road signs.
6. The first practical telephone was (to invent) by the American scientist in 1876 and was further (to improve) by Edison.
7. In 1876 he was (to work) in Paris.
8. When (to heat) to a certain temperature, water increases in vo-lume.
9. The man (to make) a report is the dean of our department.
10. Tests are usually (to write) at the end of the term.
Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Завод, выпускающий комбайны, находится в нашем городе.
2. Используя этот передовой метод, фермеры могут значи-тельно повысить урожаи картофеля.
3. Подготавливая почву под посев, мы должны вносить удоб-рение.
4. Работа, выполненная этими молодыми специалистами, об-суждалась на конференции.
5. В данной статье опубликованы результаты экспериментов, проведѐнных на полях этого хозяйства.
6. Сельскохозяйственные машины, купленные хозяйством в прошлом году, используются для уборки культур.
7. Деревья, растущие в нашем саду, старые.
8. Нам рекомендовали сорта пшеницы, дающие более высокие урожаи.
Упражнение 4. Выделите герундий и герундиальные обороты в следующих предложениях и переведите их:
1. Selection is a simple but important method of improving plants.
2. She insisted on her method being applied o the farm.
3. Farmers are sure of obtaining high yields of tomatoes this year.
4. The use of electric power for mechanizing jobs in various pro-duction processes is steadily being extended.
5. A part of that income is used for developing and improving pro-duction.
146
6. We know of these production complexes ensuring high labour productivity.
7. Plowing is carried out in spring and autumn.
8. They insisted on buying this new equipment.
9. You heard of his being sent to Moscow.
10. Their having made those experiments is very important.
11. Protecting the environment from pollution is the most important problem today.
12. She translated the text without using a dictionary.
13. Our having applied the necessary fertilizers resulted in higher potato yields.
Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на – ing формы.
1. We know of the development of agriculture being closely con-nected with the development of mechanization and electrification.
2. Our scientists work at finding more efficient ways to increase crop yields.
3. Using selection we can improve plants.
4. She is fond of dancing.
5. He began working at the problem of soil protection a year ago.
6. Applying the necessary fertilizers, we can improve soil fertility.
7. British livestock farmers achieved great success in improving cattle breeds.
8. They could solve this difficult problem having made a lot of ex-periments.
9. In solving this problem we must take into consideration many factors.
Упражнение 6. Найдите предложения, содержащие инфини-тивные обороты, и переведите их.
1. We expect this crop to be grown in our region.
2. Electric power is known to be transformed into light energy in the electric lamp.
3. We expect thousands of new jobs to be created in this field.
4. Deliveries of the equipment for atomic power stations are re-ported to grow.
5. To get those data we had to make numerous experiments.
147
6. The housing problems are known to rank first in today‟s country-side.
7. It is necessary to raise the efficiency of the use of both irrigated and drained lands.
8. To get this magazine they were to go to the library.
9. We discussed the methods to be used in our work.
Упражнение 7. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя инфинитивные обороты.
1. Многие сельскохозяйственные процессы, как известно, ме-ханизированы.
2. Сообщают, что делегация приезжает завтра в 9 часов.
3. Говорят, он работает на нашем факультете.
4. Агроном хочет, чтобы новые сорта картофеля выращивались в нашем регионе.
5. Эти растения, как известно, широко используются для корм-ления крупного рогатого скота.
6. Вы считаете, что эти удобрения вносятся осенью?
7. Мы хотим, чтобы новое оборудование было установлено в нашей лаборатории.
8. Декан хочет, чтобы студенты первого курса приняли участие в конференции.
9. Фермеры полагают, что данные сорта огурцов будут хорошо расти в теплице.
Test № 9
Agriculture in Great Britain
Выберите правильный ответ.
1. When did peasantry appear in Britain?
a) by the end of the 16th century;
b) by the beginning of the 15th century;
c) by the end of the 15th century.
2. Many landowners were dissatisfied with …
a) rents of tenants; b) varieties of wheat; c) dairy cows.
3. What product produced high farm profit in Britain in the 18th century?
a) wool; b) meat; c) butter;
148
4. At present British agriculture is characterized by … .
a) low level of efficiency;
b) loss of arable land;
c) high level of productivity.
5. Britain is the world‟s sixth largest exporter of … .
a) vegetables; b) cereals; c) poultry meat.
6. Short–stemmed varieties of wheat give … .
a) higher yields; b) low yields; c) high doses of fertilizers.
7. Is Great Britain a member of Common Market?
a) yes, she is; b) yes, it is; c) yes, they do.
8. Are strawberries grown in Britain?
a) no, it is not; b) yes, they are; c) yes, they do.
9. Are Scottish raspberries popular in this country?
a) yes, they are; b) no, it is not; c) no, the are not.
10. Friesian cows are crossed with other breeds … .
a) to get high quality milk;
b) to increase milk yields;
c) to obtain high quality meat.
11. What is one of the aims of British agricultural research projects?
a) to improve farming methods;
b) to reduce sheep production;
c) to get rid of tenants.
12. What part of the country‟s needs do home-produced flour, cheese, bacon and ham meet?
a) all the country‟s needs;
b) half of the country‟s needs;
c) one third of the country‟s needs.
13. There are more than 40 breeds of … in Britain.
a) sheep; b) cows; c) pigs.
14. What is the most popular bird at the Christmas market?
a) chicken; b) duck; c) turkey.
15. What are the most important glasshouse crops?
a) lettuce, cucumbers and tomatoes;
b) wheat, oats and barley;
c) turnip, swede and kale.
149
Грамматический комментарий
Имя существительное (The Noun)
Существительные в английском языке обозначают предметы и вещества (a chair – стул, a glass – стакан), живые существа (a dog – собака, a boy – мальчик), отвлеченные понятия и явления (snow – снег, lesson – урок).
Отличие существительных в английском языке от русского языка в том, что:
1. Обычно перед существительными ставится особая частица –артикли a, an, the
I am a boy.
Я мальчик.
Shut the window, please.
Закройте окно, пожалуйста.
2.Только одушевленные существительные имеют два падежа: общий (a girl, girls) и притяжательный (girl's, girls')
What is the girl's name?
Как имя девочки?
Where are the boys' balls?
Где мячи мальчиков?
3.Соответствуют прилагательным в русском языке, если упот-ребляются в качестве беспредложного определения к другим сущест-вительным:
You must hear your class teacher. - Вы должны слушать классно-го руководителя.
Множественное число имен существительных
В основном образуется путем прибавления окончания -s:
a table – стол
tables – столы
a girl – девочка
girls – девочки
Если исходное существ. оканчивается на -ch,-x,-sh,-ss,-o, то во множественном числе оно имеет окончание -es:
150
a fox – лисица,
foxes –лисицы,
a glass – cтакан,
glasses – стаканы.
Если существительные оканчивается на -f,-fe, то во множест-венном числе оно меняет -f,-fe на -v и принимает окончание -es:
a knife – нож,
knives – ножи.
Если существительное оканчивается на -y с предшествующей согласной, то во множественном числе оно меняет y на i и принимает окончание -es:
a laboratory – лаборатория, laboratories – лаборатории.
Существительные-исключения принимают множественное число путем изменения корневой гласной, не затрагивая окончание:
a man – мужчина men – мужчины
a woman – женщина women – женщины
a child – ребѐнок children – дети
a foot – нога feet – ноги
a goose – гусь geese – гуси
a mouse – мышь mice – мыши
a tooth – зуб teeth – зубы
Существительные, которые употребляются только в единст-венном числе: money – деньги, advice – совет, information – инфор-мация , hair – волосы, fruit – фрукты, watch – часы, knowledge – зна-ния, progress – успехи.
Существительные с одинаковыми формами единственного и множественного числа: fish – рыбка (рыбки), series – серия (серии), sheep – овца (овцы), deer – олень (олени), means – средство (средства).
Падежи имен существительных
Существительные в английском языке имеют два падежа: об-щий (the Common Case) и притяжательный (the Possesive Case). Для образования притяжательного падежа существительного надо приба-вить апостроф и букву -s к форме существительного в общем падеже.
Единственное число
Общий падеж
Притяжательный падеж
151
student – студент;
the student's dictionary – словарь сту-дента;
Mike – Миша;
Mike's friends – друзья Миши.
Для образования притяжательного падежа существительных во множественном числе, оканчивающихся на -(e)s, необходимо доба-вить только апостроф.
Множественное число
Общий падеж
Притяжательный падеж
cats – кошки;
cats' masters – хозяйки кошек.
Другой способ образования притяжательного падежа – с по-мощью предлога of, который ставится перед существительным в при-тяжательном падеже.
the roof of the house – крыша дома;
the shade of the tree – тень дерева;
the roofs of the houses – крыши домов;
the shades of the trees – тени деревьев.