Vocabulary tasks

Form different parts of speech and translate them.

Cipher

Give as many word combinations as possible and translate them.

Key

Solution

Make the word combinations.

1. ciphertext-only a) a DES key

2. flipped b) ciphertext

3. hill climbing c) aids

4. trial d) the process

5. recover e) bit results

6. mimic f) of discrete elements

7. incomprehensible g) solution

8. chain h) algorithm

9. automated i) encipherment

10. superencipherment j) key

Complete the text using the terms and word combinations given below.

Running through, a strong encryption algorithm, maps, in parallel, the cryptanalyst, the actual message, computing power

There are several distinct types of cryptoanalytic attack. The type used depends on the type of cipher and how much information ….. has.

Types of cryptoanalytic attacks. A standard cryptoanalytic is to determine the key which … a known plaintext to a known ciphertext. This plaintext can be known because it is standard or because it is guessed. If the plaintext segment is guessed it is unlikelely that its exact position is known however a message is generally short enough for a cryptoanalyst to try all possible positions … . In some systems a known ciphertext-plaintext pair will compromise the entire system however … will be unbreakable under this type of attack.

A brute force attack requires a large amount of … and a large amount of time to run. It consists of trying all possibilities in a logical manner until the correct one is found. For the majority of the encryption algorithms a brute force attack is impractical due to the large number of possibilities.

Another type of brute force attack is a dictionary attack. This essentially involves … a dictionary of words in the hope that the key (or the plaintext) is one of them. This type of attack is often used to determine passwords since people usually use easy to remember words.

In a ciphertext only attack the cryptanalyst has only the encoded message from which to determine the palintext, with no knowledge whatsoever of …. A ciphertext only attack is presumed to be possible, if not easy. In fact, an encryption techniques resistance to a ciphertext only attack is considered the basis for its cryptographic security.

Translate into Russian the following passage. Translate Paragraph 3 in written.

Quantum cryptography is another kind of cryptography in this world. With it, you can create a communications channel where it is impossible to eavesdrop without disturbing the transmission. The laws of physics secure this quantum channel: even if the eavesdropper can do whatever he wants, even if the eavesdropper has unlimited computing power.

According to quantum mechanics, particles don't actually exist in any single place. They exist in several places at once, with probabilities of being in different places if someone looks. However, it isn't until a scientist comes along and measures the particle that it "collapses" into a single location. But you can't measure every aspect (for example, position and speed) of a particle at the same time. If you measure one of those two quantities, the very act of measuring it destroys any possibility of measuring the other quantity.

That can be used to generate a secret key. As they travel, photons vibrate in some direction; up and down, left to right or more likely at some angle. Normal sunlight is unpolarized; the photons vibrate every which way. When a large group of photons vibrate in the same direction they are polarized. Polarization filters allow only photons that are polarized in a certain direction through; the rest are blocked. For example, a horizontal polarization filter only allows horizontally polarized photons through. Turn that filter 90 degrees, and only vertically polarized photons can come through.

Let's say you have a pulse of horizontally polarized photons. If they try to pass through a horizontally polarized filter, they all get through. Slowly turn that filter 90 degrees; the number of photons getting through gets smaller and smaller, until none get through. You'd think that turning the filter just a little will block all the photons, since the photons are horizontally polarized. But in quantum mechanics, each particle has a probability of suddenly switching its polarization to match the filter. If the angle is a little bit off, it has a high probability. If the angle is 90 degrees off, it has zero probability. And if the angle is 45 degrees off, it has a 50 percent probability of passing through the filter.

Translate into English the following passage.

Осуществляя атаку, криптоаналитик может ставить целью решение следующих задач:

1. Получение открытого текста из зашифрованного.

2. Вычисление ключа шифрования.

В общем случае, вторая из перечисленных задач является существенно более сложной, чем первая. Однако, имея ключ шифрования, криптоаналитик может впоследствии расшифровывать все данные, зашифрованные найденным ключом. Такая атака (в случае ее успешного осуществления) называется полным раскрытием алгоритма шифрования.

Атаки на алгоритмы шифрования принято классифицировать в зависимости от того набора информации, который имеет злоумышленник перед осуществлением своей атаки.

Grammar

Future Time. Active and Passive Voice.

Active Voice.

Предсказания, прогнозы и обещания выражаются при помощи глагола will. В таких предложениях могут употребляться I think/Perhaps и их эквиваленты.

I think we will finish the project soon.

Going to также может употребляться для прогнозов, если результаты предсказанных действий очевидны или действия обязательно произойдут.

Look! The computer is going to break!

Somebody is going to attack the Intranet.

Future Continuous употребляется для выражения длительных действий, процесса, который будет происходить в определенный момент времени в будущем.

This time next month we’ll be staying in a hotel in Australia.

Future Perfect употребляется для выражения действий, совершенных к определенному моменту в будущем.

By the time he gets there, the conference will have started.

Will и going to употребляются также для выражения намерений. Will выражает намерения, решение о которых принято во время разговора, в качестве ответной реакции на изменяющиеся условия или новую информацию; going to выражает запланированные, обдуманные заранее действия.

We are going to launch a new project. – I will join the work if you don’t mind.

Present Continuous употребляется для выражения запланированных действий в ближайшем будущем.

I’m leaving tomorrow afternoon.

Present Simple употребляется различных расписаниях, графиках, афишах.

Our train leaves at 13.32 tomorrow.

После союзов when, until, as soon as употребляются настоящие времена.

We’ll wait until you finish the work.

Grammar tasks.

Test A. Choose the correct form.

1. We’re sure this approach will/is going to be unique.

2. We will/are going to buy new equipment.

3. This laboratory will/is going to work over a speech synthesizer.

4. I’ve got problems with this program. – I will/am going to help you.

Test B. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets and will/going to.

1. Could you meet our colleagues at the airport? – OK. I (do) it.

2. I (launch) this program tomorrow.

3. Where you (stay) in London?

4. I think biometrics (use) for identification and authentication everywhere.

Test C. Put the verbs in brackets into a suitable form.

1. Don’t phone between 8.00 and 14.00. We (make) a presentation.

2. By the time he (arrive) at the office the work already (start).

3. According to the timetable the bus (arrive) at 8. Chris (come) an hour later.

Passive Voice.

Употребление. Страдательный залог употребляется, когда исполнитель действия неважен или неизвестен. Для говорящего гораздо важнее описать действие, совершенное над объектом. Эта особенность пассивного залога отражается в построении предложений.

Построение предложений в страдательном залоге. Наибольший интерес представляет объект действия, поэтому то, на что направлено действие в страдательном залоге занимает место подлежащего. Исполнитель действия либо не упоминается, либо находится после глагола с предлогом by. Предложения в страдательном залоге строятся по схеме: be+ третья форма глагола в соответствующем времени. Форма глагола be должна соответствовать лицу и числу подлежащего, как показано в примерах.

Future Simple Your luggage will be brought to your room.

Твой багаж принесут в твою комнату.

Future Perfect The letter will have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow. Письмо будет написано к 5 часам.

Future-in the Past Perfect (He said that) The letter would have been written by 5 o’clock the next day. Он сказал, что письмо будет написано к пяти часам.

Модальные глаголы и конструкции в страдательном залоге подчиняются одной схеме построения: сan, may, must, might, should, have to, ought to, be to – be done.

Например: It must be done. Это обязательно нужно сделать.

Grammar tasks

Test А. Choose the correct form of Passive Voice.

1. In this case unauthorized physical access will prevent/will be prevented/will prevented.

2. Knowing about the risk, one is prepares/will prepared/will be prepared to mitigate it .

3. The underlined secure network services will be installed/will have been installed/is installed in accordance with the operational documentation.

Test B. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form of Passive Voice.

1. This work (finish) next month.

2. The papers of the conference (translate) into 12 languages.

3. The system (develop) by 2010.

4. It is essential that the process of analyzing and accessing risk (understand) by all sides.

Test C. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form, Active or Passive Voice.

1. We (meet) at the airport tomorrow.

2. If the BUSINESS module (choose) this (use) to generate a detailed questionnaire appropriate to the system under review.

3. Our consumers (hope) the results of the risk assessment (obtain) soon.

Communication

You need to make a reservation of a room in the hotel. Phone there and discuss it.

Writing

THE ROYAL HOTEL

ROOM RESRVATION REQUEST

Please reserve (insert numbers of the rooms)
Twinbedded
Doublebedded
Single
From night of
To morning of
With breakfast
Without breakfast
Name
Address
Telephone No
Approximate time of arrival

Additional vocabulary

1. converted unit record equipment (punched card machines) - счётно-перфорационная машина, счётно-аналитическая машина

2. measure of one's (lack of) altitude – мера, уровень, степень (отсутствия) высоты

3. brute-force search - исчерпывающий поиск, поиск методом перебора

4. linear cryptanalysis – линейный криптоанализ

5. obtain clue – получить ключ

6. flaw – изъян, дефект, слабое место

7. summation of many one-dimensional scans – сложение множества одномерных сканограмм

8. produce a two-dimensional slice through an object – получить двумерное изображение объекта в разрезе

9. truncated differential – отсеченный дифференциал

10. calculus – исчисление, дифференциальное и интегральное исчисление, математический анализ

11. higher-order differential - дифференциал высшего порядка

12. second-order derivative - производная второго порядка

13. xor – исключающее «или»

14. unrelated characteristics - несвязанные характеристики

Unit 5. Steganography.