For Reading only (Enriching informations)

Saturated fatty acids: Fatty acids that contain the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms without double or triple bonds.

Unsaturated fatty acids: Fatty acids that have carbon-carbon double or triple bonds and don't have the greatest possible no. of hydrogen atoms.

Saturated fats: Fats that contain the greatest amount of unlinked fatty acids molecules.

Unsaturated fats: Fats that contain the greatest amount of fatty acids molecules with double bonds

 Glycerol is used in the industry of soap because of its sweet odour

Complex lipids:-

They are formed from oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, sulphur and phosphorus.

Examples:-

Phospholipids:Lipids which occur in the membranes of plant and animal cells.

Structure: Its structure is like that of fats, but phosphate group PO4 replaces the third fatty acid.

Fig. (3) the structure of phospholipids

Derivative lipids:-

 They are lipids which are derived from complex and simple lipids by Hydrolysis process

Examples:-

1- Cholesterol

2- Hormones

3- Steroids

Biological macromolecules: They are huge organic molecules in living organisms which consist from hydrogen and carbon basically (such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids).

Carbohydrates: They are biological macromolecules formed from simple molecules (monosaccharides) which include starches, sugars and fibres. They consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen at ratio 1:2:1 respectively.

Benedict reagent: A reagent which is used to detect simple sugars, as these sugars change its colour from blue to orange.

Lipids: They are biological macromolecules formed from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms which include different compounds insoluble in water (but they dissolve in benzene and carbon tetrachloride)

Oils: They are liquid lipids formed from the reaction of unsaturated fatty acids with glycerol and called Triglycerides

Fats: They are solid lipids formed from the reaction of saturated fatty acids with glycerol and called glyceride

Waxes: They are formed from the reaction of fatty acids with heave molecular weights with monohydroxy alcohols (alcohols having one hydroxyl OH group)

Sudan IV reagent: A reagent which is used to detect lipids in substances, as they dissolve in it changing its colour to red.

1- The importance of carbohydrates

Because they are:-

- The main and quickest source of energy in living organisms

- They are used in storing energy in living organisms till they need it, as plants store carbohydrates in the form of starch, whereas animals and humans store them in the form of Glycogen in liver and muscles

- The basic component of some parts of cell such as cellulose in the cell walls of plant cells, protoplasm and cellular membranes.

2- Benedict reagents can be used to detect simple sugars

Because simple sugars change their colours form blue to orange

3- The importance of lipids

Because they are:-

- source of energy:

- The main component of cell membranes

- They make up 5% of the organic compounds forming living cell

- Some animals store lipids under their skins to protect them from low temperature (polar bears, penguins, seals)

- They work as protective layers in some plants and animals

- Some of them work as hormones (steroids)

4- The biological importance of phospholipids

Because they form the membranes of plant and animal cells

5- Monosaccharides are good sources of energy

Because Monosaccharides (such as glucose) are oxidized inside the mitochondria of cells which releases energy from them in the form of chemical bonds. Then, these chemical bonds are stored inside Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) which supplies all parts of cell with the energy required for all the cellular biological processes

6- Some birds' feathers are covered with oils

to protect them from water which disable their movement..

7- Waxes cover the leaves of desert plants

To decrease the amount of water lost during transpiration process

8- Steroids play an important role in living organisms

Because some of them work as hormones inside the bodies of living organisms

9- Sudan IV reagents are used to detect lipids

Because lipids dissolve in them changing their colours to red.

1- Choose the correct answer

1- ……… are from organic molecules forming living organisms

A- Carbohydrates B- Acids C-Bases D- Salts

2- ……. are from inorganic molecules in living organisms

A- Salts B- Nucleic acids C- Carbohydrates D- Proteins

3- Biological macromolecules whose general formula is (CH2O)n are called……

A- Nucleic acids B- Carbohydrates C- Proteins D- Lipids

4- Carbohydrates are stored in plants in the form of…….

A- Starch B- Oils C- Glycogen D- Alcohols

5- Carbohydrates are stored in animals and humans in the form of …..

A- Starch B- Oils C- Glycogen D- Alcohols

6- Animals and humans store carbohydrates in ………

A- Liver B- Kidneys C- Muscles D- A&C

7- ……….. polymers consist of one molecule

A- Monosaccharides B- Disaccharides C- Polysaccharides

D- Oligosaccharides

8- ………. Polymers consist of two molecules each

A- Monosaccharides B- Disaccharides C- Polysaccharides

D- Oligosaccharides

9- ………….. is from monosaccharides.

A- Sucrose B- Cellulose C- Glucose D- Maltose

10- …………. Is from disaccharides

A- Sucrose B- Fructose C- Cellulose D- Lactose

11- starch is from ……..

A- simple sugars B- complex sugars C- Waxes D- Steroids

12- ……… is from complex sugars

A- Glycogen B- Maltose C- Glucose D- Fructose

13- …….. is a disaccharide whose polymer is composed of one glucose molecule and another fructose one

A- Sucrose B- Cellulose C- Maltose D- Lactose

14- …….. is a disaccharide whose polymer is composed of two glucose molecules bound together

A- Maltose B- Sucrose C- Lactose D- Fructose

15- Lactose polymer consists of a glucose molecule bound to …….. one

A- Fructose B- Galactose C- Lactose D- Glucose

16- ……… sugar is found in fruits

A- Lactose B- Starch C- Glycogen D- Fructose

17- ……… forms the cell walls of plant cells

A- Cellulose B- Starch C- Galactose D- Glucose

18- Lipids dissolve in non polar solvents such as…

A- Carbon tetrachloride B- Water C- Hydrochloric acid

D- Alkaline solutions

19- ……. are liquid lipids formed from the reaction of unsaturated fatty acids with glycerol

A- Oils B- Waxes C- fats D- Proteins

20-…… are solid lipids formed from the reaction of saturated fatty acids with glycerol

A- Oils B- Waxes C- fats D- Proteins

21-……. are formed from the reaction of fatty acids with heave molecular weights with monohydroxy alcohols

A- Oils B- Waxes C- fats D- Proteins

22- ……. are from complex lipids

A- Phospholipids B- Oils C- fats D- waxes

23- Lipids such as ……. work as hormones inside human body

A- Steroids B- Phospholipids C- Oils D- fats

24- ……. is from derivative lipids

A- Cholesterol B- waxes C- oils D- Phospholipids

25- ……….. are used to detect simple sugars.

A- Benedict reagents B- Litmus papers C- Iodine solutions

D- Sudan IV reagents.

26- ……….. are used to detect lipids.

A- Benedict reagents B- Litmus papers C- Iodine solutions

D- Sudan IV reagents

27- ……….. are used to detect starch.

A- Benedict reagents B- Litmus papers C- Iodine solutions

D- Sudan IV reagents

2- Write the scientific term

1- They are huge organic molecules in living organisms which consist from hydrogen and carbon basically (such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids)

2- They are biological macromolecules formed from simple molecules (monosaccharides) which include starches, sugars and fibres. They consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen at ratio 1:2:1 respectively

3- They are biological macromolecules formed from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms which include different compounds which are insoluble in water (but they dissolve in benzene and carbon tetrachloride)

4- They are liquid lipids formed from the reaction of unsaturated fatty acids with glycerol.

5- They are solid lipids formed from the reaction of saturated fatty acids with glycerol

6- They are formed from the reaction of fatty acids with heave molecular weights with monohydroxy alcohols (alcohols having one hydroxyl OH group.

3- Write short notes about

1- The importance of carbohydrates

2- The importance of lipids

1- Choose the correct answer

1- Carbohydrates

2- Salts

3- Carbohydrates

4- Starch

5- Glycogen

6- A&C

7- Monosaccharide

8- Disaccharides

9- Glucose

10- Sucrose

11- complex sugars

12- Glycogen

13- Sucrose

14- Maltose

15- Lactose

16- Fructose

17- Cellulose

18- Carbon tetrachloride

19- Oils

20- Fats

21- Waxes

22- Phospholipids

23- Steroids

24- Cholesterol

25- Benedict reagents

26- Sudan IV reagents

27- Iodine solutions

2- Write the scientific term

1- Biological macromolecules

2- Carbohydrates

3- Lipids

4- Oils

5- Fats

6- Waxes