The Industrial Revolution in England

One 1 the most significant things about the industrial development

2 the eighteenth century was the requirement of extensive capital to carry on industrial undertaking 3 the larger scale which now became the rule. It is obvious that a factory could not be built 4 a huge amount of capital

5 the building, the expensive machinery, the supplies, materials, and wages. This capital was largely created in the industry itself 6 the unflagging activity of the new entrepreneurs who stinted themselves to the limit, worked like slaves, and lived like slave-masters. Some of the new industrialists married 7 fortune from the country, and still others received their start by advances from the London commercial houses, which, faced by heavier demand 8 goods than they could supply, advanced money to set up factories and shops. The new captains of industry had to possess 9 great abilities. They had to be able to gather, organize, and discipline their labour forces, invent and build their machinery, understand the sources of their raw materials and the state of foreign and domestic markets, secure working capital, and, above all, they had to meet 10 the competition of their rivals, and to save 11 the extension of their plants.

2. Say what you have learned about the most significant things concerning

the industrial development in England.

8. Find definition to each of the given terms:

1. division of labour a) - the systematic making of goods from raw materials.

2. subsistence b) - the right to hold a thing entirely as one’s own,

including complete and permanent control over it.

3. ownership c) - the relation between the output or amount produced

in a given period and one unit of the factors of

production employed in producing that output.

4. manufacture d) - the bare cost of keeping alive; a supply of goods

that is just enough to cover the basic necessities of

life, i.e. food, clothing and shelter.

5. productivity e) - the basic system of obtaining economies in

production and increasing the total output of

economy by organizing the manufacture of

an article so that each worker gives all his

time and attention to performing a single

operation instead of performing the many different

operations needed to produce the article.

11. Ask your group-mate questions about different modes of production.

11. Describe one of the modes of production and add more information about

it from additional sources.

11. Translate the sentences given below from Russian into English.

1. Возможно, что среди африканских племен еще существует первобытнообщинный способ производства.

2. Я не имею никакого производственного опыта, поэтому производительность труда у меня очень низкая

3. Рабовладельцы использовали рабов в качестве средств производства, которые не могли быть усовершенствованы.

4. Мануфактуры создавались на основе ремесленных цехов, в которых применялись механические станки.

5. Товарное производство характеризуется наличием крупномасштабных механизированных предприятий и частной собственности как на средства производства, так и на продукт труда.