3. Do the practical task

Match the words with their definitions:

Crimson deep red colour

Immense huge, very big

Slip(v) to go quietly

Weathered marked by the weather

Mass (v) to group together into a mess

Saunter to walk in a leisurely way

Authentic real

Negotiate to overcome a difficulty

Weary very tired

Jumbling a confusion

№18 Colloqual words.

Colloquialism is a word, phrase or paralanguage that is employed in conversational or informal language but not in formal speech or formal writing.

Colloquialisms consist mainly in using inexact and abbreviated forms.  For example, we frequently use the word "nice." It is a "nice" day is inexact, but the expression is so widely colloquial as to make it permissible in informal conversations. Such abbreviations as ad, photo, exam, auto, phone, are colloquial. You should guard against allowing your form of expression to become too colloquial; otherwise readers may justly accuse you of "laziness in writing." Moreover, colloquialism is a sibling to slang.

• 'give me a hand' = 'assist me' (not 'throw your severed hand at me')

• 'forget it' =  'it's not a problem', 'don't worry about it' or 'it's not important' (not 'erase your memory')

• 'hey honey' = not literally the sweet thing that bees make - though it does suggest the idea of sweetness, like 'hey, sweetie'. Both are pet names for loved ones. 'Pet name' is also colloquial ('pet' is a much loved animal!)

#21 Classical and non-vernacular terms and expression

№22 The ways of vocabulary development

Different kinds of changes in a nation's social life, in its culture, knowledge, technology, arts lead to gaps appearing in the vocabulary which beg to be filled. Newly created objects, new concepts and phenomena must be named. We already know of two ways for providing new names for newly created concepts: making new words (word-building) and borrowing foreign ones.

A similar case is the word carriage which had (and still has) the meaning "a vehicle drawn by horses", but, with the first appearance of railways in England, it received a new meaning, that of "a railway car". -

New meanings can also be developed due to linguistic factors (the second group of causes).

Linguistically speaking, the development of new meanings, and also a complete change of meaning, may be caused through the influence of other words, mostly of synonyms.¹

The Old English verb steorfan meant "to perish". When the verb to die was borrowed from the Scandinavian, these two synonyms, which were very close in their meaning, collided, and, as a result, to starve gradually changed into its present meaning: "to die (or suffer) from hunger".

№30 British and American English

BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH

British and American English are two main variants of English. Besides them there are : Canadian, Australian, Indian, New Zealand and other variants. They have some peculiarities in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, but they are easily used for communication between people living in these countries.

There are some differences between British and American English in the usage of prepositions, such as prepositions with dates, days of the week BE requres «on» / I start my holiday on Friday/, in American English there is no preposition / I start my vacation Friday/. In BE we say «at home» , in AE - «home» is used. In BE we say «in the street», in AE - «on the street».

There are also units of vocabulary which are different while denoting the same notions, e.g. BE - «trousers», AE -«pants»; in BE «pants» are «трусы» which in AE is «shorts». While in BE «shorts» are outwear. This can lead to misunderstanding. There are some differences in names of places:

BE AE

Tram streetcar

lift elevator

uderground subway

sweet biscuit cookie