12. Transnational Crime
Before talking about transnational crime, let us first define the term itself. Experts give different definitions to this term; however, a commonly accepted one describes is it as a crime which crosses national borders. Thus, any crime which is connected to international criminal activity could be considered as transnational crime. Being a Post – Soviet State, Kazakhstan also faced this kind of issue.
Perhaps, one of the most popular transnational crime is drug traffic. While one country produces drugs, another country demands them. Here, organized crime groups come into the game. They illegal supply other countries with drugs; thereby, they do transnational crime. However, traffic of drugs is just a little part of transnational crime. Another examples of transnational crime could be terrorism, arms and human traffic and corruption. In particular cases, corruption also can be considered as transnational crime.
Since geographically Kazakhstan is located between East and West, Russia and Central Asia, this is also a place for criminal actions. One of the leaders of organized crime groups are thieves in law. Most probably, all Post – Soviet countries have at least one of them. They used to operate in the Soviet countries but in our days, they took international recognition. We can call them as transnational criminals because they do not limit themselves only with one country. They do any possible illegal actions and crimes.
In conclusion, transnational crimes are not limited by borders. The leaders of organized groups operate in different territories and cooperate with other criminals from different countries. Many Post-Soviet countries including Kazakhstan have been facing this kind issue for many years.
13.Интерпол
The International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO, French: Organisation internationale de Police Criminelle – OIPC), or INTERPOL, is an intergovernmental organization facilitating international police cooperation. It was established as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) in 1923 and adopted its telegraphic address as its common name in 1956.
Interpol has an annual budget of around €70 million most of which is provided through annual contributions by its membership of 190 countries. The organization's headquarters is in Lyon, France. It is the second largest intergovernmental organization after the United Nations by member states. In 2012, the Interpol General Secretariat employed a staff of 703 representing 98 member countries. Its current Secretary-General is Ronald Noble, a former United States Under Secretary of the Treasury for Enforcement.
To keep Interpol as politically neutral as possible, its constitution forbids it, at least in theory, from undertaking interventions or activities of a political, military, religious, or racial nature. Its work focuses primarily on public safety, terrorism, organized crime, crimes against humanity, environmental crime, genocide, war crimes, drug trafficking, human trafficking, money laundering, white-collar crime, computer crime, intellectual property crime and corruption.
The role of Interpol is defined by the general provisions of its constitution.
Article 2 states that its role is:
To ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the different countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
To establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to the prevention and suppression of ordinary law crimes.
Article 3 states:
It is strictly forbidden for the Organization to undertake any intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character.
Methodology:
Interpol differs from most law-enforcement agencies—agents do not make arrests themselves, and there is no single Interpol jail where criminals are taken. The agency functions as an administrative liaison between the law-enforcement agencies of the member countries, providing communications and database assistance. This is vital when fighting international crime because language, cultural and bureaucratic differences can make it difficult for officers of different nations to work together.
Interpol's databases help law enforcement see the big picture of international crime. While other agencies have their own extensive crime databases, the information rarely extends beyond one nation's borders. Interpol can track criminals and crime trends around the world. They maintain collections of fingerprints and mug shots, lists of wanted persons, DNA samples and travel documents. Their lost and stolen travel document database alone contains more than 12 million records. They also analyze all these data and release information on crime trends to the member countries.
If we speak about Controversy:
Despite its political neutral stance, some have criticized the agency for its role in arrests that critics contend were politically motivated. An example involved journalist Hamza Kashgari, who in February 2012 fled his home country of Saudi Arabia to avoid prosecution for apostasy, and was subsequently arrested in Malaysia. The Royal Malaysian Police initially asserted that they had arrested Kashgari because they had received a Interpol Red Notice request to do so. However, Interpol stated that no such notice had been issued, and the Malaysian police retracted their claim.
So INTERPOL it is an intergovernmental organization, which works not bad and has a big influence on a public safety, organized crime and another violations…