17. Versification: rhythm

There are certain patterns of sound arrangement. The use of these patterns alongside with other language means may create various stylistic effects and contribute greatly to poetic effect. The patterns of sound arrangement include versification and instrumentation.

VERSIFICATION is the art of writing poetry in keeping with certain rules based on language regularities and poets' experience. The main concepts of versification are rhyme and rhythm.

RHYTHM - the movement or sense of movement communicated by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables and by the duration of the syllables.

Metre - rhythmic pattern of a poetic line.

Foot - group of syllables forming a metrical unit: a unit of rhythm.

Metrical foots:

- trochee (* - );

- iambus ( - *);

- dactyl (* - - );

- anapest ( - * *).

18. Versification: rhyme

There are certain patterns of sound arrangement. The use of these patterns alongside with other language means may create various stylistic effects and contribute greatly to poetic effect. The patterns of sound arrangement include versification and instrumentation.

VERSIFICATION is the art of writing poetry in keeping with certain rules based on language regularities and poets' experience. The main concepts of versification are rhyme and rhythm.

RHYME is the correspondence of two or more words with similar-sounding final syllables placed so as to echo one another.:

*exact (sounds following the vowel sound are the same: red and bread); *slant (final consonant sounds are the same but the vowel sounds are different: sun rhyming with bone).

Types:

1) end rhyme – the ends of lines are rhymed;

2) internal rhyme – used within a line.

TRUE RHYMES:

*masculine – 2words end with the same vow-cons combination; *feminine – 2 syllables rhyme;

*trysillabic – 3 syllables rhyme.

OTHER TYPES:

=eye rhyme (cough-slough);

=pararhyme (grand-grind);

=weakened (bend-frightened).

Rhyme scheme – formal arrangement of rhymes. Types:

*COUPLETS (aa); *TRIPLE RHYMES (aaa); *CROSS RHYMES (abab); *FRAMING RHYMES (abba)

19. Instrumentation: onomatopoeia

There are certain patterns of sound arrangement. The use of these patterns alongside with other language means may create various stylistic effects and contribute greatly to poetic effect. The patterns of sound arrangement include versification and instrumentation.

INSTRUMENTATION - the art of selecting and combining sounds in order to make the utterance expressive and melodic. It unites three basic SDs: alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia.

Onomatopoeia is the naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it (e.g. buzz, hiss, zoom, whiz)

Onomatopoeia may also refer to the use of words whose sound suggests the sense.(O death, come quick, come quick, come quick, come quick,)

20. Instrumentation: alliteration and assonance

There are certain patterns of sound arrangement. The use of these patterns alongside with other language means may create various stylistic effects and contribute greatly to poetic effect. The patterns of sound arrangement include versification and instrumentation.

INSTRUMENTATION - the art of selecting and combining sounds in order to make the utterance expressive and melodic. It unites three basic SDs: alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia.

Alliteration is the repetition of the same (or similar) sounds or sound clusters, usually consonants, of stressed syllables in neighbouring words or at short intervals within a line or passage, usually at word beginnings. The repetition of identical sounds is called full allit.. And the repetition of similar sounds g-k, t-d, p-b is called loose allit.(e.g. Sense and Sensibility)

Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds, usually close together, to achieve a particular effect of euphony.

Euphony is a sound pattern used to create pleasing and harmonious effect. Cacophony is a sound pattern used to create harsh and discordant effect. Euphony is achieved through the use of vowel sounds which are more easily pronounced than consonants.