- •Пояснительная записка
- •Unit 1. Electric current
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Electric current
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 2. Electricity
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Electricity
- •Answer the questions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Render the text into English.
- •Give the summary of the text. Other generating sources
- •Discuss these questions in pairs.
- •Unit 3. Resistance
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Resistance
- •Answer the questions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Match the words with the meanings.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Give the summary of the text.
- •Discuss the questions or statements in pairs.
- •Unit 4. Magnetism and electromagnetism
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Magnetism and electromagnetism
- •Answer the questions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Render the text into English.
- •Give the summary of the text.
- •Match these words to their definitions.
- •Discuss the statements in pairs.
- •Unit 5. Inductance
- •Words to remember
- •Read the text and ask 6-8 questions.
- •Inductance
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Render the text into English.
- •Give the summary of the text.
- •In pairs discuss the topics.
- •Unit 6 (part 1). Capacitors
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Capacitors
- •Unit 6 (part 2). Capacitors
- •Read the text. Capacitors
- •Классификация конденсаторов
- •Unit 6 (part 3). Power capacitors
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Power capacitors
- •Unit 7 (part 1). Conductors and insulators
- •Insulators and Conductors
- •Find English equivalents of the following words and word combinations in the text.
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •What answer is incorrect?
- •Answer the questions.
- •Unit 7 (part 2). Conductors and insulators
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Suspension insulators
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Match items in column a with items in column b.
- •Complete the table using information from the texts.
- •Unit 7 (part 3). Conductors and insulators
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Conductors
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Find English equivalents of the following sentences in the text.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Retell the text ‘Conductors’ using the following word combinations.
- •Unit 7 (part 4). Conductors and insulators
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Conductor coverings and connectors
- •Find English equivalents for the following words and word combinations in the text.
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Explain the following terms.
- •Put the questions to each paragraph of the text. Unit 7 (part 5). Conductors and insulators
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Porcelain Vs. Polymer
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the table and speak about polymer and porcelain.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 8. Semiconductors
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text and ask 6-8 questions. Semiconductors
- •Find English equivalents of the following words and word-combinations in the text.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Give the summary of the text.
- •In pairs discuss the topics.
- •Unit 9. Batteries
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Batteries
- •Литиево-ионная батарея
- •Give the summary of the text. Categories and Types of Batteries
- •Unit 10. Amplifiers and oscillators
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Amplifiers and oscillators
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Match these words to their definitions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 11 (part 1). The distribution system
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. The distribution system
- •Unit 11 (part 2). Determining distribution voltages
- •Determining distribution voltages
- •Render the text into English.
- •Retell the text using the following words and word-combinations.
- •Unit 12 (part 1). The primary circuit
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. The primary circuit
- •Primary network
- •Unit 12 (part 2). Secondary circuits
- •Secondary circuits
- •Unit 13. Cogeneration
- •Cogeneration
- •Unit 14 (part 1). Motors
- •Dc motors
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Find synonyms of the following words in the text.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Speak about dc motors.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 14 (part 2). Ac motors
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Ac motors
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Find synonyms of the following words in the text.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Speak about ac motors. Unit 14 (part 3). Brushed dc motors
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Brushed dc Motors
- •Match items in column a) with items in column b).
- •Put questions to the text. Motor types
- •Complete the table using the information from the text and speak about different types of motors using the table.
- •Give the summary of the text. The Development of Electric Motor
- •Unit 15. Extra high voltage alternators
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Extra high voltage alternators
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 16. Indicating meters
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text.
- •Indicating meters
- •Answer the questions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Render the text into English.
- •Give the summary of the text.
- •Discuss the statement in pairs.
- •Unit 17 (part 1). Transformers
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Transformers
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Put all types of questions to the following sentence.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Make up the plan to the text and retell it.
- •Give the summary of the text.
- •Unit 17 (part 2). Transformers
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. How the transformer works
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •Retell the text. Unit 17 (part 3). Transformers
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Transformer rating
- •Give the English equivalents of the following sentences.
- •Make up the plan to the text and retell it. Unit 17 (part 4). Transformers
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Methods of Transformer Cooling
- •Unit 17 (part 5). Transformers
- •Distribution Transformers
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Complete the sentences.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 18. Fuse cutouts
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Fuse cutouts
- •Give the English equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Speak about fuse cutouts. Unit 19. The tunnel diode
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. The tunnel diode
- •Match these words to their definitions.
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Unit 20. Electrical filters
- •Words to remember.
- •Read the text. Electrical filters
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
- •Are the following sentences True or False?
- •Answer the questions.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •Render the text into English.
- •Appendix a. University and faculty Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University
- •I. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use the following expressions: You are right. You are wrong. You are mistaken. Give your reasons.
- •II. Ask your partner.
- •III. Ask your partner.
- •IV. Answer the following questions.
- •The Automation and Electrical Mechanics Department
- •Appendix b. Outstanding scientists
- •I. Read the texts. Outstanding Scientists
- •Georg Simon Ohm
- •James Joule
- •Benjamin Franklin
- •Hans Christian Orsted
- •Michael Faraday
- •Thomas Alva Edison
- •Nikola Tesla
- •James Watt
- •André-Marie Ampère
- •Georg Simon Ohm
- •Joseph Henry
- •Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
- •Marie Skłodowska Curie
- •William Thomson
- •James Clerk Maxwell
- •Lodygin
- •Yablochkov
- •II. Render the texts into English. Исаак Ньютон
- •Томас Алва Эдисон
- •Мария Склодовская–Кюри
- •Appendix c. Grammar references The Infinitive
- •Функции инфинитива
- •Структуры с инфинитивом The Complex Subject (сложное подлежащее)
- •Passive
- •The Complex Object (сложное дополнение)
- •I. Translate the sentences with Infinitive into Russian.
- •II. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to function of Infinitive.
- •III. Translate the sentences into English using different forms of the Infinitive.
- •Complex Subject with the Infinitive
- •I. Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets and translate.
- •II. Translate the sentences into English using Complex Subject with the Infinitive.
- •III. Put questions to the words given in bold type.
- •IV. Answer the questions using the verb in brackets.
- •V. Find the predicate in sentences. Determine the function of the Infinitive in sentences and translate them.
- •Complex Object with the Infinitive
- •I. Translate the following sentences form English into Russian.
- •II. Answer the question using the verb in brackets.
- •III. Translate from Russian into English.
- •The Participle (причастие)
- •The Absolute Participial Construction Независимый Причастный Оборот
- •I. Determine the function of the participle in sentences and translate them.
- •II. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Participle I and II.
- •IV. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
- •V. Complete the sentences choosing the appropriate form of the Participle I or II in brackets.
- •VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the translation of Participle II with adverbs.
- •Absolute participle construction
- •I. Find the sentences with Absolute participle construction and translate them.
- •II. Translate the sentences into English.
- •III. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Absolute participle construction.
- •The Gerund (герундий)
- •Функции
- •I. Put the questions to the words given in bold type.
- •II. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using Gerund.
- •III. Translate from English into Russian.
- •IV. Find the sentences with Gerund and Participle, determine the function and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Revision Exercises
- •Appendix d. Writing a summary
- •Appendix e. Writing letters
- •I. Letter Layout
- •Components of a Letter
- •Sample of a formal letter and an envelope
- •1. Write the following dates which are placed below the sender’s address:
- •2. Correct mistakes in the following dates:
- •3. Complete the following by indicating the dates in the body of the Letter.
- •5. Correct the following letter layout:
- •II. Letters of Invitation task
- •Letter 1
- •Second International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation in Materials Science srms-2 October 31 – November 4, 2005 International Conference Center Kobe Hyogo Prefecture, Japan
- •Letter 3
- •International Conference on Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Physics
- •Letter 4
- •Letter 1
- •Letter 2
- •Letter 3
- •Letter 4
- •1. Write a letter in which you:
- •2. Write a letter in which you:
- •Letter 1
- •Letter 2
- •Letter 3
- •Letter 4
- •1. Write a letter in which you:
- •2. Write a letter in which you:
- •Read the samples and notice phrases and sentences that express a request.
- •Letter 4
- •Letter 5
- •Letter 1
- •Letter 2
- •Letter 3
- •Letter 4
- •1. Write a letter in which you:
- •2. Write a letter in which you:
- •1. Write a letter in which you:
- •2. Write a letter in which you:
- •IV. Letters of Inquiry
- •Letter 1
- •Letter 3
- •Letter 4
- •Tasks 1
- •Letter 1
- •Letter 1
- •1. Write a letter in which you:
- •2. Write a letter in which you:
- •1. Write a letter in which you:
- •2. Write a letter in which you:
- •3. Write a letter in which you:
- •Test on Letter-writing Situations
- •The curriculum vitae
- •The letter of application
- •Making a presentation
- •Appendix f. Supplementary texts Tesla coil
- •Superconductivity
- •Linear motors
- •Brushless dc electric motor
- •Coreless dc Motors
- •Classification of a.C. Motors
- •Synchronous motors
- •Asynchronous motors
- •Induction Motor : General Principle
- •Stepper motors
- •Magnetism
- •Sources of magnetism
- •Diamagnetism
- •Paramagnetism
- •Ferromagnetism
- •Magnetic domains
- •603950, Нижний Новгород, ул. Минина, 24.
- •Т.В. Захарченко, л.С. Исмакова, н.В. Соколова
- •Guide to electrical study
- •Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов II курса фаэ
Классификация конденсаторов
Основная классификация конденсаторов проводится по типу диэлектрика в конденсаторе. Тип диэлектрика определяет основные электрические параметры конденсаторов: сопротивление изоляции, стабильность ёмкости, величину потерь и др.
По виду диэлектрика различают:
конденсаторы вакуумные (обкладки без диэлектрика находятся в вакууме);
конденсаторы с газообразным диэлектриком;
конденсаторы с жидким диэлектриком;
конденсаторы с твёрдым неорганическим диэлектриком: стеклянные, слюдяные, керамические, тонкослойные из неорганических пленок;
конденсаторы с твёрдым органическим диэлектриком: бумажные, металлобумажные, плёночные, тонкослойные из органических синтетических пленок;
электролитические и оксидно-полупроводниковые конденсаторы.
Электролитические и оксидно-полупроводниковые конденсаторы отличаются от всех прочих типов, прежде всего своей огромной удельной ёмкостью. В качестве диэлектрика используется оксидный слой на металлическом аноде. Вторая обкладка (катод) или электролит (в электролитических конденсаторах), или слой полупроводника (в оксидно-полупроводниковых), нанесённый непосредственно на оксидный слой. Анод изготовляется, в зависимости от типа конденсатора, из алюминиевой фольги или спечённого порошка.
Кроме того, конденсаторы различаются по возможности изменения своей ёмкости – постоянные и переменные.
Постоянные конденсаторы – основной класс конденсаторов, не меняющие своей ёмкости.
Переменные конденсаторы – конденсаторы, которые допускают изменение ёмкости в процессе функционирования аппаратуры. Управление ёмкостью может осуществляться механически, электрическим напряжением и температурой.
В зависимости от назначения конденсаторы можно условно разделить на конденсаторы общего и специального назначения. Конденсаторы общего назначения используются в большинстве видов и классов аппаратуры. Традиционно к ним относят наиболее распространённые низковольтные конденсаторы, все остальные конденсаторы являются специальными. К ним относятся высоковольтные, импульсные, пусковые и другие конденсаторы.
Также различают конденсаторы по форме обкладок: плоские, цилиндрические, сферические и другие.
Unit 6 (part 3). Power capacitors
Words to remember.
to draw – составлять
to lag – отставать, запаздывать
var – переменная величина, реактивный вольт-ампер
gapped-core – сердечник с зазором
reactance – реактивность, реактивное сопротивление
tapped – с ответвлениями
saturable reactor – реактор с регулированием насыщения магнитопровода
to saturate – насыщать
to swing – колебаться
to aggravate – ухудшать, обострять, усиливать
series capacitors – последовательный конденсатор, добавочная емкость
fault current – ток повреждения
сompensator – компенсатор, автотрансформатор
excitation – возбуждение, намагничивание
alternator – генератор переменного тока
to fluctuate – колебаться, меняться
power capacitor – силовой конденсатор
Read the text. Power capacitors
When the load at the receiving end draws a current that is out of phase with the line voltage the current lags behind the voltage and., it is said to be out of phase with the line voltage.
It is sometimes necessary to provide additional equipment, called reactive power compensation equipment, to generate or absorb vars.
The capacitors are used when the load demand is heavy. If they are manually switched in groups the control is slow. During maximum system load, when the system voltage is liable to be low the var output of these capacitors is a minimum. This aggravates the problem. The inductor, which is used when the system load is low, can be a coreless type, a gapped-core type, a saturable reactor or a transductor. The coreless type is linear and is used for the larger ratings and voltages (e.g. 100MYA at 400kv). The gapped-core type is designed to be linear up to a voltage of about 1.3 per unit. Both these types will absorb vars proportional to the square of the terminal voltage (for a given reactance).
It is possible to use a tapped saturable reactor which saturates at selected voltages within the range ±10% of rated voltage. When saturated the vars absorbed by the reactor change rapidly for small changes in voltage.
When saturable reactors and capacitors operate in parallel, the characteristic as the voltage rises, is initially similar to that of the capacitor then swings over to that of the saturable rector at a voltage between 10 and 110% of nominal. Thus at low voltage the equipment exports vars while at high voltage it imports vars.
It is appropriate to mention series-capacitors which are connected in series with the line. They generate vars proportional to the square of current in them. Their primary use is to reduce the series impedance of the line, by canceling about 50% of the line’s series inductance in order to raise the power limit and to improve the system stability. A problem with series capacitors is that when they earn fault current the voltage across them generally exceeds the voltage rating of the capacitor.
Synchronous compensators are basically synchronous motors with no mechanical output. The starting sequence is usually under automatic control. When running, the control of the compensator is automatic. The excitation can be set to give automatically, either constant terminal voltage or constant vars, subject to an over-excitation limit and an under-excitation limit (to prevent unstable operation). The methods of obtaining and controlling the D.C. excitation supply of the synchronous compensator are similar to those for alternators. The control of a synchronous compensator is fast and continuous from rated vars export to about half rated vars import. But they contribute current to a system fault (raise the fault level), are liable to become unstable and need relatively high maintenance. Loads such as steel mills and arc furnaces, which fluctuate frequently and rapidly, require fast and automatic compensation equipment placed as close as possible to them. In the case of very long overhead lines synchronous compensators are shunt-connected across the line at intervals of about 150 km.
Give the Russian equivalents of the following expressions.
To provide additional equipment, a coreless type, a gapped-core type, a tapped saturable reactor, to improve the system stability, to generate vars, fault currents, synchronous compensator, under-excitation limit, to become unstable, automatic compensation equipment, long overhead lines.
Answer the questions.
What is necessary to provide for generating or absorbing vars?
When are capacitors used?
How will the indicators absorb vars?
What types of indicators are usually used?
What are series-capacitors used for?
What is a synchronous compensator?
What requires fast and automatic compensation equipment?
Speak about power capacitors.
