47. Word order in the history of English.

A large number of inflections in OE which showed the role of this or that word. There are a number of word patterns which were prevailing ones.

SPO1O2

SOP

PSO

SOP – generally occurred in dependent clauses or when the object was expressed by a pronoun. Eg: þa hēo þæt genisde

(S) (О) (Р)

она то услышала

PSO (inversion) – was to be found in sentences which open which adverb. modifier. Eg: þā cwæþ hēo tō him.

In Modern English has to be found existancial sentences or sentences with the construction there is/are. Eg: There are 10 people there.

It was a full adverb which took the first position. Eg: Huæt canst(P) þu(S)? (что умеешь ты?).

The fixation of word order became more strict.

43. Types of syntactical relations between words in the history of English.

Types: agreement; government; joining.

1. agreement mainly used in attribute groups to denote the relation between an adj/pron and the substantive: eg: sæ‾re bēc (that book) (Dat).

2. Government – substantive pron. stands in a certain case (Acc, Dat, Gen) depends on the head word: Eg: andsnare onfōn (receive answer): -subst. Acc – transitive verb. Eg: nēosian hūses (approach the houses).

3. Joining – an adj referring to a verb/adj is connected with it without any formal means.

ME:

1. agreement – was reduced < reduced morphological system. Only agreement in number survived for strong declension adj and pron. Eg: fresshe floures (fresh flowers).

2. government has no essential changes in ME;

3. joining was widened by the reduction of agreement.

NE:

1. agreement goes on decreasing. Only THIS and THAT still agree in number with their head word.

2. government – only personal pron, interrogative. and relative pron which are governed.

3. joining – old wrinkles – the adj connected with the head word by joining.

44. The distinctive features of the oe syntax.

1. OE synthetic language possessed on a system of grammat. forms could indicate the conection between words.

2. syntax was relatively simple. Coordination of clauses prevailed over subordination complicated syntactic construction were rare.

3. noun pattern; pronoun + noun, adj, numer, noun. Agreed with the noun in gender, number, case. Noun + noun – Gen case. Eg: hwα‾les bān – whale’s bone.

4. verb pattern: verb + noun, pronoun in Oblique case, preposit, adverbs. Eg: bring þa þing (bring those things).

5. simple sentence – the contrast between the parts of sentence – shown by the form of the words; The word order was relatively free.

6. could be several negation. Negative particle NE + other words (nāht / nōht).

7. complete sentences:

   1. coordinate clauses – AND (conj);

   2. repetition of connectives at the head of each cl-s (þa…þa – then…then);

   3. in attribute cl-s main connective particle þē.

   4. þæt – used to introduce object cl-s, adverbial cl-s. Eg: oð ðæt()until

8. word order-relatively free. The position of words-determined by logical stylistic factors. Depend on the communicative type of the sent-ce. If the sent-ce began with an adverb.modifier,the word order inverted.

e.g.Hēr on þyssum зēare fōr sē micla here(in this year went that big army).