2. Western Heritage.

The west is the most mysterious part of the USA. Western heritage is based on such personal types of culture as self-reliance, gun-fighting, shooting, fist fighting. They know how to survive in a hostile environment of the woods. Two types of people live there: the first type of man is known for his disrespect for women. He is a can-do-man who tends to rely on himself and to be inventive to survive in any part of the world. During Mexico War a new type of western character developed –the macho man. He is loved by women and takes riches by fighting. Western culture is based on frontier heritage.

T he West has always been America's frontier. From the time that her first immigrants stepped onto the eastern shore, their eyes have looked westward toward the horizon of their dreams. Out there, somewhere was a new beginning for those that were ready to shuck life's misfortunes or find fortune's larder or just thrill to the adventure of taming the wilderness.

     Following the Civil War, many men and women looked toward the West for their inspiration. They saw a new life beyond the Mississippi River, away from the destruction rendered by four years of war. Visionaries were setting themselves to the task of tying the East to the Far West with telegraph lines and railroads. These actions brought enmity between the Plains Indians and white America.

     Nobody has won the West. It is more than a stretch of land joining the Mississippi, River to the Pacific Ocean. Any inhabitant in the West has been or is a privileged person, no matter the color of skin, or language, or creed. Since the dawn of our age, the great American West has been the home of many tribes. There were ancient people who left archeological relics such as the Medicine Wheel atop Medicine Mountain in northern Wyoming. Tribes of American Indians who worshiped their mother, the earth-the four winds-the Great Spirit who created everything, followed them. Then the white, black, brown and yellow people came, all of them seeking after their individual dreams.

     As we ride into the sunset, we rein our horses around and gaze across the land that we affectionately call the West. On the silver screen of history, we see great open plains, snow capped mountain peaks, exploring mountain men, trains of canvas covered wagons, railroad tracks stretching from horizon to horizon, vast herds of cattle, and boom towns that have disappeared. We listen to the haunting chants and pulsating drumbeats of our native Indians as they struggled for survival. The sounds of steel rimmed wagon wheels grinding across the prairies, the lowing of cattle, the yelping of cowboys riding herd, and a myriad of sounds made

by a growing nation.

Билет 14

1. Policymaking: Global Policy.

Americans view their foreign policy as global and estimate it into 2 paradigms:

1. The Munich Paradigm['mju:nık] after the treaty of 1938 abandoning Czechoslovakia between western countries and Hitler. During much of the Cold War this paradigm formed the basis of Am. policy. After WW II Americans thought that they didn’t need another “Munich” and replaced German expansion to the east-west split as the division between 2 worlds. By late 60ies (War in Vietnam) this Munich paradigm was under question.

2. Vietnam Paradigm. It was suggested that PM was through the escalating of Am. presence there. Adherence to the Vietnam Paradigm challenged.

Détente policy – relaxation of tensions between the east and west. As the Cold War ended no single policy concepts were created until 11 September 2001 after the Gulf War (1991) which reinforced the appeal of the Munich Paradigm and undermined the Vietnam Paradigm, but the war against Hussein of 2003started working out new paradigm based on Yugoslavian and Albanian challenges. The Carter Doctrine was an attempt to use the outside force on the vital interests of the US in the Mideast and the Reagan Doctrine was no that damaging as Bush’s.

Nowadays a considerable change in foreign PM can be seen.

Bush and the New World Order. Conflicting Policy Paradigm.

Bush Senior emphasized multilateral actions and the use of international organizations in the Persian Gulf Crisis. They looked for coalition of nations, including Arab states to oppose Saddahm + they won the UN’s Security Council approval to use multilateral actions against Hussein. But after the Gulf War a new threat was created in the image of terrorism.

The Cabinet of Bush Junior uses the administrative machinery to implement the leading role of the US in foreign PM. In 1947 the Congress overhauled the system passing the national security act, establishing 3 new organizations:

1. Department of Defense

2. National Security Council (NSC)

3. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

These organizations joined other departments and exist within the executive branch. They share PM powers and exist in the Department of State (государственный департамент, мин-во ин.дел). Department of State is mostly concerned with the conduct of foreign affairs. Head-Secretary of State, the highest official in the Cabinet, is the most important foreign policy advisor (Collin Powel 1937). The Department organizes the work of Embassies and foreign services abroad. The only drawback is that they concentrate too much on PM outside the country and therefore lack strength to influence and put pressure on the constituencies to support its policy.

Department of Defense was created to provide modern bureaucratic structure with help. It consists of civilian Secretaries of the Army, Navy, Airforce, who are advisors to military commanders. These military leaders make up the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS –объединенный комитет начальников штабов). The advisors of JCS have broad responsibilities.

During the Gulf War the Secretary of Defense was Richard Jamey.

CIA and Intelligence Community (IC) was formed in 1947 after WW II. Its charges are coordinating the information and gathering data of various governmental departments. It’s collecting and analyzing, evaluating its own intelligence documents relating to the national security. Basic dilemma for CIA and IC is concerned with covert activity. 1975- Hugh Ryan amendment, concerning the disclosure of covert activities of the CIA and 1989, though CIA objected, the Congress authorized the establishment of the independent inspector-general at the agency who would make reports to members of the Congress.

NSC is a permanent body of advisors that was designed to help the President coordinate the details domestic, foreign and military security. President of the NSC is a very influential figure now in the wake of the War in Iraq.