5. These exercises will help you to review more of the important words that we use to join ideas in a piece of writing.

1. Put the following words and expressions into their correct place in the table depending on their function.

to sum up briefly  it can be concluded that  also  similarly  likewise  besides  to conclude  too  in addition  in brief  in the same way  thus  what’s more  furthermore  moreover  along with  to summarize  as well as  therefore  correspondingly

2. Complete these sentences with one of the words or expressions from above. In most cases, more than one answer is possible.

1. Tourism brings much-needed money to developing countries. _________, it provides employment for the local population.

2. _______ bringing much-needed money to developing countries, tourism provides employment for the local population.

3. Tourists should respect the local environment. _______ they should respect the local customs.

4. _______ industrial waste, pollution from car fumes is poisoning the environment.

5. In order to travel, you need a passport. _______, you might need a visa, immunization jabs and written permission to visit certain areas.

6. Drugs are banned in Britain - _______ weapons such as guns and knives.

7. All power corrupts. _______, absolute power corrupts absolutely.

8. You shouldn’t smoke, drink, take drugs or eat unhealthy food. _______, you should live a more healthy lifestyle.

9. The ozone layer is becoming depleted, the air in the cities is becoming too dirty to breathe and our seas and rivers are no longer safe to swim in. _______ pollution is slowly destroying the planet.

10. Your grades have been very poor for the past two years. ________ you need to work really hard if you want to pass your exams next month.

A Note on Plagiarism

Plagiarism means the use of the ideas of others without acknowledging them as such. It is an academic tradition that it is totally unacceptable to plagiarize. You must adhere to this tradition.

Plagiarism is an extremely serious academic offence. All cases of suspected plagiarism will be strenuously investigated. Proven plagiarism can have serious consequences for you and your final examination mark. Do not do it!

4 Useful language file

Purpose or focus

• The present paper aims at …

• The following study is concerned with…

• The aim of the paper is to provide an up-to-date account of/for…

- This study attempts to quantify ….

- Within the framework of….., various attributes are identified, weighted and quantified for..

- The present paper deals with the reason why …..

- The primary objective of the study is/was

- The present study was conducted to ascertain the response/influence of……

- Different types of ….. have been (were) examined and a relationship between …… was established

• This paper describes the basic features of a…..system, considers some important aspects in detail, outlines the advantages and limitations of the system and indicates how it can be used.

• It may be suggested that…

• It must be admitted that…

• It might be natural to assume that…

• It may be assumed to be a working hypothesis…

• One may put forward a working hypothesis to explain….

Topicality/Motivation

• The problem raised by… assumed a place of prime importance….

• It assumed world-wide importance….

• The significance of this work can hardly be overestimated…..

• It has been a favourite subject for dispute among scholars…

• It is important to realize…

• The problem of … is one of the most important…

• The problem of … has not lost its topical significance…

• The problem has become more acute: it took a new form….

• It is the major theme of macroeconomics…

• A comprehensive study of … is the key to solving the problem…..

• At present there is a growing interest in …

• The current interest in the problem lies in …

Research methods

- These factors require to be analyzed in two different ways

- According to the ……theory the …..process can be calculated by different methods…..

- In order to check the accuracy of the results obtained from ….. they were compared with . ..

• The method of investigation is …..

• The method is based on the idea that ….

• An analogical approach will help to distinguish a few common features…

• The most promising approach is a complete/comparative/detailed/typological analysis of…

• The analysis can be expanded to …..

Results and findings

- To carry out a comparative assessment of….., it is necessary to state some basic parameters

- It may be further assumed that …….

- The data indicate clearly that………

- Based on the data for ….., it is found that…..

- A comparison of /between….. and….. reveals that…..

• Two lines of development can be traced…..

• It has been traced back to…..

• It is possible to trace the influence of … on…

• This explains much of what followed…..

• It explains the way of the development……

Conclusion

- On the basis of the comparison the conclusion is drawn …….

- From the study it can be inferred that……

- The results show that…….

- The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that …….

- The data presented support the concept that………

- The future of ….. is, therefore assured, assuming that………

- The analysis made provides the basis for…

- Thus the results obtained support the conclusion that

- The results of the research/analysis/study/comparison/experiments agree with……

- On the basis of the above study and considering …., it can be stated that ……..

• The present study provides evidence of ……