мозг состоит из клеток; управляющий и контролирующий процесс, идентифицировать процессы; наука, отрасли науки, которые изучают человека; взаимосвязь теорий и структуры организма; слово состоит из двух частей, слово означает, серьезные трудности при определе­нии слова, определить с научной точки зрения.

2. Pul in the missing prepositions

1. There is a serious difficulty ... the definition of psychology. 2. They thought of «mind» as some operating and controlling process which was different... a body. 3. Soon psychologists shifted their attention... a concrete approach... the study of man. 4. They paid attention... the observable effects of the mind. 5. Psychology is interested ... behaviour. 6. Psychologists try to find the relation ... the theories and the structure of the body.

2. Find in the text and give «look up and say» answers to each of the following questions

1. What words is the word «psychology» made up from? 2. Why is there a serious difficulty with the definition of “psychology»? 3. What was «mind» thought of at first? 4. Why did psychologists shift their attention to a more concrete approach to the study of man? 5. What did they pay attention to? 6. How do behaviourists define psychology? 7. What is the difference between psychology and other branches of science which study people? 8. Why is it difficult to find the relations between the theories and the structure of the body? 9. How many components does the brain consist of? 10. The scientists can select some of the complex acts performed by humans, can’t they?

2. Read and translate

THE STORY OF THE BOY WHO «COULD DO BETTER»

Episode 1 *

Tim was a normal, happy, bouncing baby, as his older sister had been. By 6 months he was on the move, and by 9 months he had learned to walk. His inquiring mind outgrew the local playgroup and he started at nursery school on his 4th birthday, where he became remarkably self-confident, excelling in sports. We used to laugh at him when he did funny things, like putting his shoes on the wrong feet, or forgetting where he had put his toys. Little did we know then that these were signs of more serious problems to come. My husband used to read to him every night, and he loved those bedtime stories, but when we suggested he might like to try to read, we noticed his reluctance.

As a branch of science, psychology had been defined in various ways, according to the particular method of approach adopted or field of study proposed by the individual psychologist But a comprehensive definition, which includes all varieties, runs like this: the branch of biological science which studies the phenomena of conscious life and behaviour in their origin, development and manjftts^ta^jon, and employing such methods as are available and applicable to the particular field of study or particular problem with which the individual scientist is engaged.

The aim of psychology is to study the nature and origins of psychic processes and to develop a better understanding of human behaviour and experience. For example, what conditions are necessary for the human being to survive in an extreme environment? How does the infant's visual capacity develop? What are the causes and treatments of neurotic behaviour? How can customs and attitudes be changed? Psychologists attempt to answer such questions. They collect, analyse and study the data. They make their own precise experiments. They discover laws and formulate theories by going beyond observable data perceived by our senses.

Exercises

1. Translate from English into Russian the following words and phrases and find them in the text or make up your own sentences with the phrases

methods, the particular methods of approach, applicable methods, available methods, to employ methods; a branch of science, a branch of biological science, science, scientist, scientific, scientifically; the origin of life, the origin of behaviour, the origin of psychic processes, the nature of psychic processes; the aim of psychology, concious life, to define in various ways, a comprehensive definition; the field of study, the particular field of study; to develop an understanding, to develop the infant’s visual capacity, to include all varieties, to survive in an extreme environment; data (datum), observable data, the data perceived by our senses, to collect the data, to analyse the data, to study the data, experiments, precise experiments, to discover laws, to formulate theories.

2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russian phrases

человек, ребенок, психические процессы, поведение человека, жизненный опыт человека, необычное окружение, наблюдаемые дан­ные, точные эксперименты, причины невротического поведения, спо­собности ребенка, условия выживания человека, развивать способности, открывать законы, формулировать теории, анализировать данные, про­