- •Internal combustion engine
- •The four-stroke cycle
- •Complete the sentences with the active form of the verb in brackets:
- •The carburetor
- •1. Translate the following text into Ukrainian in written form
- •2. Complete the sentences with the active form of the verb in brackets:
- •The crankshaft
- •1. Complete the sentences with the active form of the verb in brackets:
- •The battery and coil
- •The contact breaker and the distributor
- •The cooling system
- •The lubricating (oiling) system
- •1. Complete the sentences with the active form of the verb in brackets:
- •The transmission system
- •Neutral gear
- •The clutch
- •Rear axle gears
- •1. Translate the text in written form
- •2. Complete the sentences with the active form of the verb in brackets:
- •The brakes
- •Some differences
- •Complete the sentences with the active form of the verb in brackets:
- •Put the missing prepositions into the questions. Ask them your partner:
- •Match the headings with their extracts.
- •The changing expectations of automotive engineers
- •Here are the answers to some questions. What are the questions?
- •Put each of the following words or phrases in correct sentence below.
- •Find the words hidden in the jumbles. Translate the sentences.
- •6. Complete the sentences with the passive form of the verb in brackets:
- •Complete the table with these phrases used to talk about the future. Can you add any more?
- •The car of the future
- •Are these sentences about the text true (t) or false (f)?
- •Find words and expressions in the text which match these definitions:
- •Find the words hidden in the jumbles:
- •Put the verb into the correct tense form in Passive.
- •Alternative vehicles
- •6. Answer these questions:
- •Make sure that you know these terms:
- •Match words from the two boxes to make expressions.
- •Now use the expressions above to complete the sentences and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •Match the words and phrases to the correct headings.
- •A car safety programme
- •Try to answer these questions asked by people in the audience.
- •Put the safety features into the correct column. Which of these safety features does your or your parents’ car have?
- •Use the words in the box to complete the flow chart.
- •Complete the text about car recalls with words from the box below. Translate the sentences.
- •Match the questions (1 – 7) with their answers (a – g):
- •Find someone in your class who:
- •Airbags
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Make sure that you know these terms:
- •Fill the missing words in. The first one has been done for you. Use them in the sentences of your own.
- •Complete the adjectives with –ed or –ing. Make some sentences of your own using them.
- •Read and translate this extract in written form:
- •Rewrite the sentences with a participle clause instead of a relative one.
- •Do you agree or disagree with the following statements?
- •Sensors and the automobile
- •Complete the sentences with the information from the text:
- •Which instrument shows you:
- •Match each abbreviation with its meaning:
- •Translate the following extract in written form: a cockpit for business class
- •Complete the sentences with a verb from the box in its participle form.
- •What are your predictions for the next ten years for instruments and switches of the car? Prepare a short report or presentation.
Neutral gear
Neutral gear. The driving shaft is turning but it is not transmitting any movements to the driven shaft. The gears are not meshing. The engine is running but it is not turning the car wheels. This gear is used when the car stops for a short time, like at traffic lights. It is also used when the engine is first started.
Reverse gear (In this gear the car moves backwards).
The fourth gear on the lay shaft meshes with the larger gear on the driven shaft. It does this through a small third gear. This gear reverses the movement of the driven shaft. This is how it does it:
The driving shaft is turning clockwise (CW). This turns the lay shaft anti-clockwise (ACW). The lay shaft turns the third gear clockwise. The third gear turns the driven shaft anti-clockwise. So it reverses the driven shaft’s movements. The car is driven backwards.
Звичайний передач. Ведучий вал обертається, але вона не передає рух на ведений вал. Шестерні НЕ сітки. Двигун працює, але це не повертаючи колеса автомобіля. Це механізм використовується, коли автомобіль зупиняється на короткий час, як на світлофорі. Він також використовується, коли двигун запускається в перший раз. Задня передача (У цій передачі автомобіль рухається назад). Четверта передача на проміжний вал входить в зачеплення з більшою шестерні на відомому валу. Він робить це через невелике третій передачі. Цей механізм реверсує рух веденого вала. Це, як він це робить: Приводний вал обертається за годинниковою стрілкою (CW). Це перетворює проміжний вал проти годинникової стрілки (МАС). Планування вал обертається третій передачі за годинниковою стрілкою. Третя шестерня виявляється веденого вала проти годинникової стрілки. Так що змінює руху веденого вала в. Автомобіль приводиться в рух у зворотному напрямку.
Text 14
The clutch
T
he
clutch helps
when the
driver changes
gear. Strong
springs press
it against
the flywheel.
These springs
push against
the cover
plate. Round
the inside
of the
clutch plate
there is
rough material.
This does
not slip
easily. So,
when the
flywheel turns,
the clutch
plate turns
too. This
movement goes
to the
gears. When
the clutch
pedal is
pushed down,
the clutch
plate is
pulled away
from the
flywheel. There
is a
space. The
crankshaft is
turning but
the movement
is not
going to
the gears
or the
wheels. Now
the gears
can be
changed. When
the clutch
pedal is
let out
the springs
push the
clutch plate
against the
flywheel again.
The movement
of the
crankshaft now
goes through
the gears
to the
wheels. Note.
Automatic cars
do not
have a
clutch like
this. They
have no
clutch pedal.
Rear axle gears
1. From
the change
gears the
movement is
transmitted to
the back
axle by
the propeller
shaft. At
the back
end of
this shaft
is a
fixed gear
(the pinion).
2. The back axle has two halves. A strong gear (bevel wheel) is fixed to each half.
3. A strong box covers the bevel wheels. This box turns when the axles turn.
4. To one side of this box is fixed a large gear (the crown wheel). When it turns, it turns the box and the axles.
5. The pinion meshes with the crown wheel. When the pinion turns, it turns the crown wheel and the box and the axles.
Round the inside of the box are fixed four small gears (differential pinions). Each pinion can turn freely. These pinions mesh with the bevel wheels on the axles. The differential pinions do not turn when the car is going straight. They make the bevel wheels and the axle turn at the same speed.
The outside wheel has farther to go when the car is turning. So it must move faster than the inside wheel. So the differential pinions turn when the car is turning. Now the outside wheel can travel faster than the inside wheel. So the differential pinions allow the two wheels to turn at different speeds when the car is turning.
