3.Стандартные обороты, используемые в реферате
Реферат является заключительным этапом выпускной квалификационной работы . При составлении реферата следует использовать определенные клише:
Английский язык:
Для вводной части реферата: The object of this study is ... (e.g. the world economic systems) Research, investigation, study area
investigation, research, analysis: analytical, theoretical, practical
Цель и задачи исследования: The aim of this study is … to analyze The purpose (the task) of the study is …to calculate fabricate, create (device), assemble device, solve (problem, equation), make, carry out, perform (experiment, study, work) прилагательные: detailed, careful, extensive, accurate comprehensive, brief, short, preliminary, limited, few, different, various, modern, recent, promising, perspective, possible, similar, important, final Актуальность выбранной темы: As analytical surveys show that the problem hasn’t been solved yet. The problem hasn’t been thoroughly analyzed.
Recently the problem of … (e.g. oil price increase) has been brought forefront. Most of recent analyses fall short of …reasonable explaining. Application of …
analytical survey, marketing survey, results of previous studies, informational, technical analyses, thoroughly, effectively, finaly, accurately, comprehensively, widely, carefully, extensively
Для основной части реферата: -The author dwells on… - The work touches upon… - The purpose of the work is to give some information about… - Then the author goes on to say that… - Much attention is given to…
- The readers’ attention is also drawn to…
- The author writes (states, points out) that…
- It would not be an exaggeration to say that…
result (on, of), findings (on), data (on, concerning, as to), evidence (for, of, on, concerning, that) fact (of, concerning, that), provide evidence for, give strong evidence for (of) lead to a conclusion, make it possible to conclude that ..., concerning, as to ...; conclude, make, draw, reach a conclusion, come to a conclusion that ...; it is concluded that, from the results it is concluded that ..., it may be noted that ..., it may be stated that ..., thus, therefore, consequently, as a result
effect of ... on, influence of ... on, action of ... on, influence, act on (upon), produce the (an) effect on be reliable, be valid, be useful, be of use, be helpful, be suitable, be convenient, be efficient, be adequate
for example (for instance),
... is illustrated by (... is a good illustration of) ...,
... is a case in point ...
Для заключительной части реферата:
- The analyses proved the advantages of …
- The results of the analyses are reliable enough to infer …
- To analyze the effect of ... (e.g. price increases) on … (e.g. quantity supplied)
- In conclusion I’d like to stress…
- The author comes to the conclusion that…
- The work is of (no) interest for narrow (wide) circle of readers.
На французском языке:
Для вводной части реферата
- Ce travail (cette thèse) porte le titre…
- L’objectif (but) de l’étude (de cette synthèse) est de…
- La problématique (question qui doit être répondue) est…
- Des questions généralistes se précisent et se focalisent sur un aspect de…
- On modélise la recherche pour observer et analyser cet aspect…
- Le contexte (ce qui est connu et acquis, vis-à-vis de ce qui reste à prouver)…
Habituellement, cette section s’écrit au présent pour les faits vérifiés et au passé pour les faits non vérifiés.
- Pour arriver aux résultats l`auteur emploie les méthodes suivantes…
- Les moyens utilisés (méthode expérimentale, protocole de prise de donnée,
traitement des données, etc.) sont…
Для заключительной части реферата:
- Dans la dernière partie…
- Les principaux résultats interprétés par l’auteur sont…
- La variabilité des données est…
- La valeur et la portée scientifique des travaux sont …
- … spécifie les perspectives d’avenir reliées à ces mêmes résultats.