Italics, bold type, capitalization, multiplication, hyphenation, graphon.

Graphon - e.g. Thquire! Your thervant! Thith ith a bad pieth of bithnith; thith ith… …

Squire! Your servant! This is a bad piece of business, this is…

hyphenated spelling: ‘Im-pos-sible!”

italics - She was simply beautiful.

capitalization - I’ll NEVER see him again!

Phonetic EM:

Alliteration

e.g. “Now or never”; “ As good as gold”; ”Last but not the least”; “The Flavour’s Fresher than ever…” (Colgate toothpaste)

onomatopoeia or sound imitation – “cuckoo”, “buzz”.

Lecture 3

Functional Styles of Speech

I. Literary colloquial style

Phonetic features

Standard pronunciation in compliance with the national norm.

Phonetic compression of frequently used forms, e.g. it's, don't, I've.

Omission of unaccented elements due to the quick tempo, e.g. you know him?

Morphological features

Use of regular morphological features, with interception of evaluative suffixes e.g. deary, doggie, duckie

Syntactical features

Use of simple sentences with a number of participial and infinitive constructions and numerous parentheses.

Syntactically correct utterances compliant with the literary norm.

Use of various types of syntactical compression, simplicity of syntactical connection.

Prevalence of active and finite verb forms.

Use of grammar forms for emphatic purposes, e.g. progressive verb forms to express emotions of irritation, anger etc.

Decomposition and ellipsis of sentences in a dialogue (easily reconstructed from the context).

Use of special colloquial phrases, e.g. that friend of yours.

Lexical features

Wide range of vocabulary strata in accordance with the register of communication and participants roles: formal and informal, neutral and bookish, terms and foreign words.

Basic stock of communicative vocabulary- stylistically neutral.

Use of socially accepted contracted forms and abbreviations, e.g. fridge for refrigerator, ice for ice- cream, TV for television, CD for compact- disk, etc.

Use of etiquette language and conversational formulas, such as nice to see you, my pleasure, on behalf of, etc.

Extensive use of intensifiers and gap- fillers, e.g. absolutely, definitely, awfully, kind of, so to speak, I mean, if I may say so.

Use of interjections and exclamations, e.g. Dear me, My God, Goodness, well, why, now, oh.

Extensive use of phrasal verbs let sb down, put up with, stand sb up.

Use of words of indefinite meaning like thing, stuff.

Avoidance of slang, vulgarisms, dialect words, jargon.

Use of phraseological expressions, idioms and figures of speech.

Compositional features

Can be used in written and spoken varieties: dialogue, monologue, personal letters, diaries, essays, articles, etc.

Prepared types of texts may have thought out and logical composition, to a certain extent determined by conventional forms (letters, presentations, articles, interviews).

Spontaneous types have a loose structure, relative coherence and uniformity of form and content.