- •1. Translation theory: object and objectives
- •3. Types of equivalents
- •It is obvious that in the first sentence it should be the Russian «отношение (к работе)», in the second sentence — «позиции (обеих сторон)», and in the third sentence - «поза (угрожающая)».
- •In such cases the substitute often has a cause-and-effect relationship with the original:
- •In other cases the translator may resort to various types of grammatical substitutes.
- •It is obvious that there can be no equivalence if the original text is clear and unequivocal while its translation is obscure and hard to understand.
- •In Russian constitutions cannot be established but they can be adopted. Therefore:
- •In a transfer-based system the process of translation comprises the following processing steps:
- •Ideally a pivot language-based machine translation will comprise the following processing steps:
- •Agreement
- •7. Intellectual Property Rights.
- •It should be also noted that the syntactical pattern of this style is as important as the vocabulary.
- •Infinitive
- •In any event, members of the association should be prepared to put aside partisan interests if consensus on the abovementioned principles is to be achieved.
- •In Washington there is quiet satisfaction that the French by joining the float have indirectly acknowledged that the u.S. Was right all along.
- •Participle
- •In the carriage there was only an old man reading his paper.
- •It being too late for further discussion, the session was adjourned. Засідання було відкладено, оскільки було занадто пізно, щоб продовжувати дискусію, (adverbial modifier of cause)
- •Inversion
Infinitive
Depending on the function the Infinitive plays in the sentence it can be translated in the following ways:
♦ as an adverbial modifier of purpose the Infinitive can express an independent idea that adds some new information about its subject; the adverb «only» is omitted in translation, e. g.
The president announced his resignation after the failure of his drive to push through the merger of the two countries last summer.
Президент повідомив про свою відставку після того, як влітку минулого року його кампанія за об'єднання двох країн зазнала невдачі.
♦ after adjectives «the last, the only» and ordinal numerals the Infinitive is translated as the predicate of an attributive subordinate clause, its tense form is determined by the context, e. g.
He was the first high official to be admitted to the inner council of government, to the cabinet.
Він був першим високопоставленим службовцем, якого було допущено до закритих нарад з питань державного управління і навіть до засідань кабінету.
♦ «if + noun + be + infinitive» can be translated as «для тогощоб», e. g.
In any event, members of the association should be prepared to put aside partisan interests if consensus on the abovementioned principles is to be achieved.
У будь-якому випадку, щоб дійти згоди щодо зазначених приципів, члени асоціації повинні облишити свої партійні інтереси.
♦ the Complex Object with the Infinitive is translated as an object subordinate clause, e. g.
Both experiments revealed the rated dimensions to be highly interrelated.
Обидва експерименти показали, що розрахункові параметри дуже тісно пов 'язані між собою.
♦ the Complex Subject with passive forms of the verbs «think, expect, show, see, find, argue, know, mean, consider, regard, report, believe, hold, suppose, note, presume, claim, admit, interpret, etc.» istranslated as a complex sentence with an object subordinate clause. Careshould be taken about non-perfect forms of the Infinitive (which aretranslated in the Present time) and perfect forms (which are translated inthe Past time), e. g.,
Still they can hardly be said to have formulated a true scientific theory.
І все ж навряд чи можна стверджувати, що вони сформулювали дійсно наукову теорію.
The term «model» is held to have important normative significance. Вважається, що термін «модель» має важливе нормативне значення.
the Complex Subject with active forms of the verbs «happen, appear, see, prove, turn out, be likely, be certain, be sure, etc.» is translated in two possible ways:
the English finite form is transformed into a Ukrainian parenthesis and the English Infinitive into a Ukrainian predicate, e. g.,
So, there appear to be two choices. Отже, виявляється, вибір існує.
♦ the English finite form is transformed into a Ukrainian mainclause {«малоймовірно», «мені здається», etc.) and the English Infinitive into a Ukrainian predicate in an object subordinate clause, e. g.,
Neither proposal is likely to work.
Малоймовірно, щоб якась із цих пропозицій виявилася слушною.
♦ if the English predicate has an object «by somebody» such predicate-object clusters are translated as a parenthesis «на думку», «за даними», «як показав (виявив, встановив, описав)», є. g.,
The results were interpreted by Brown (1989) to be insufficient to draw any substantial conclusions.
На думку Брауна (1989), цих результатів недостатньо для того, щоб зробити якісь вагомі висновки.
GERUND
Depending on the function, the Gerund plays in the sentence it can be translated as:
♦ a noun
Banking on a loss of nerve within the board of trustees may turn out to be misguided.
Розрахунок на те, що члени ради опікунів втратять витримку, може виявитися невірним.
♦ an infinitive, e. g.,
Under the pressure of national campaign, he showed a positive gift for saying the wrong things in the wrong words at the wrong time.
В умовах напруженої кампанії, що проводиться в країні, він виявляв безумовний дар говорити не те, що треба, не так, як треба, і не тоді, коли треба.
♦ a participle, e. g.,
