12. Предикати модусу зі значенням загальновизнаного знання, припущення:

It is generally agreed

It is widely accepted that dinosaurs died out due to sudden

It is now generally recognized climatic changes.

Завдання 5. Спробуйте пом'якшити іллокутивно-стверджувальний потенціал наступних тверджень, використовуючи стратегії (некатегоричної манери викладу), перелічені вище.

- Supervision is a critical link between top managers and workers.

- The expansion of the Universe continues.

- Monetary policy is not effective.

- Passive smoking causes cancer.

- The most influential component of a computer is a central processing unit.

- Great novels do not make great films.

- Economic sanctions are ineffective.

- Economists think that statistical methods have a profound impact on process involvement, production costs, quality, and competitive position.

- A drop of nicotine kills the horse.

- Private schools provide a better education than do public schools.

Завдання 6. Підкресліть всі випадки некатегоричної модальності в поданому нижче тексті (деякі з них дещо відрізнятимуться від перелічених вище).

Native American Cultures

The America that greeted the first Europeans was far from an empty wilderness. It is now thought that as many people lived in the Western Hemisphere as in Western Europe at that time – about 40 million. Estimates of the number of Native Americans living in what is now the United States at the onset of European colonization range from two to 18 million, with most historians tending toward the lower figure. What is certain is the devastating effect that European disease had on the indigenous population practically from the time of initial contact. Smallpox, in particular, is thought to have been a much more direct cause of the decline in Indian population in the 1600s than the numerous wars with European settlers.

Indian customs and culture at the time were extraordinarily diverse, as could be expected, given the expanse of the land and the many different environments to which they had adapted. Some generalizations, however, are possible.

Most tribes, particularly in the wooded eastern region and the Midwest, combined aspects of hunting, gathering and the cultivation of maize and other products for their food supplies. In many cases, the women were responsible for farming and the distribution of food, while the men hunted and participated in wars. By all accounts, Indian society in North America was closely ties to the end. Indian life was essentially clan-oriented and communal, with children allowed more freedom and tolerance than was the European custom of the day.

Although some North American tribes developed a type of hieroglyphics to preserve certain texts, Indian culture was primarily oral. Clearly, there was a good deal of trade among various groups and strong evidence exists that neighboring tribes maintained extensive and formal relations – both friendly and hostile.