Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить задание , необходимо усвоить следующие разделы грамматики английского языка:

1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражение падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания -s. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.

2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных. Конструкция типа the more … the less.

3. Числительные.

4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные и отрицательные.

5. Видо-временные формы глагола:

а) активный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); формы – Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы – Perfect (Present, Past, Future);

б) пассивный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future).

Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

6. Модальные глаголы: can, may, must, should и их эквиваленты.

7. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Gerund - герундий, простые формы.

8. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов повествовательного и побудительного предложений в утвердительной и отрицательной формах; обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there is (are).

9. Определительные и дополнительные предложения; придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.

10. Основные случаи словообразования.

Образец выполнения 1 (к заданию I)

1. The students attend lectures in different subjects.	Студенты посещают лекции по разным предметам..
Students, lectures, subjects – показатель множественного числа существительного.
2. Professor N. lectures on chemistry at our University.	Профессор Н. читает лекции по химии в нашем университете.
Lectures – показатель 3 лица единственного числа глагола to lecture в Present Simple.
3. Students like this professor’s lectures very much.	Студентам очень нравятся лекции этого профессора.
Professor’s – показатель притяжательного подежа существительного.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2 (к заданию VI)

1. Professor N. has already delivered the lectures on Chemistry.	Профессор Н. прочитал уже лекцию по химии.
Has delivered – Present Perfect Active от глагола to deliver.
2. Our University was founded in 1921.	Наш университет был основан в 1921 году.
Was founded - Past Simple Passive от глагола to found.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 3 (к заданию V)

1. To know any foreign language is very important for our students.	Знать иностанный язык очень важно для наших студентов.
2. This question will be discussed at the conference to be held in Kyiv.	Этот вопрос будет рассмотрен на конференции, которая будет в Киеве.
3. He is said to have graduated from our University.	Говорят, что он закончил наш университет.
4. Parents want their son to enter LNAU.	Родители хотят, чтобы их сын поступил в ЛНАУ.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 4 (к заданию VI)

1. Soils containing too much sand and clay are of less value in agriculture.	Почвы, которые содержат слишком много песка или глины, являются менее ценными в сельськом хозяйстве.
Containing – Participle I, определение
2. While translating the text he used a dictionary	Переводя текст, он пользовался словарем.
(While) translating – Participle I, обстоятельство
3. The experiment having been over, the professor left the laboratory.	После того, как исследование было завершено, профессор покинул лабораторию.
Having been over - Participle I, составная часть независимого причастного оборота
4. The professor entered the lecture hall, the students following him.	Ученый провел ряд исследований, причем некоторые из них очень важные для развития нашего сельского хозяйства.
Following - Participle I, составная часть независимого причастного оборота

ЗАВДАННЯ 1. Перепишіть та перекладіть речення. Визначте за граматичними ознаками, якою частиною мови є слова, які мають закінчення -s- та яку функцію вони виконують в реченні, тобто, чи служить воно:

a) показником 3 ос. однини дієслова в Present Indefinite (Simple);

б)ознакою множини іменника;

в) показником присвійного відмінка іменника.

ЗАДАНИЕ I. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию оно выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3 л.ед. числа глагола в Present Indefinite (Simple);

б) признаком мн.ч. имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Exercise 1.

1. Hydraulic systems are used for control of both rear-and front-mounted implements.

2. The basic design of an industrial tractor differs little from that of a farm tractor, and differences in design of models fit the vehicle to its intended work (пристосувати машину до відповідної роботи).

3. Operator’s visibility was a prime design consideration.

Exercise 2.

1. New tractor models have performance and convenience features which will better serve today’s and tomorrow’s farmers.

2. Hard field conditions require extra power.

3. A newly designed rotor provides rotary threshing in rice and bean harvesting.

Exercise 3.

1. Sloping land reduces the capacity of a conventional combine harvester.

2. The number of passes depends on rotor speed, controlled electronically from the operator’s cabin.

3. The electrical and electronic systems are completely new in new models.

Exercise 4.

1. John Deere’s 965 H is called a hillside combine.

2. The term refers to the way the crop flows through the threshing mechanism.

3. Besides rotary cultivators with a transverse shaft carrying various types of blades designed to work to a depth of about 9 in.(230 mm ), there are also other makes designed only for shallow work and implements with a rotor having radially mounted spikes(зубець).

Exercise 5.

1. John Deer’s 965 harvester gives an increase of up to 200 per cent in harvesting rates over conventional combines in the extreme circumstances.

2. The versatile tractor gives you enormous power.

3. Four-wheel tractors are produced with engines of any size.

Exercise 6.

1. Grain loss information is provided to the operator’s display.

2. Comfort features include in-cab heating and air-conditioning.

3. When the piston reaches BDC ( bottom dead center) it moves toward the cylinder head.

Exercise 7.

1. Special devices for vibration isolation will ensure driver’s safety.

2. The piston head receives the force from the combustion of fuel within the cylinder and transmits it to the piston pin, connecting rod and crankshaft.

3. The cylinders and the cylinder heads form the combustion chamber.

Exercise 8

1. The crankshaft changes the reciprocating motion of pistons to rotary motion.

2. Driver’s comfort requires further improvement for all vehicles.

3. The engine has intake valves and exhaust valves.

Exercise 9.

1. Self-propelled equipment requires specialized power transmission systems.

2. The grain tank is filled to full capacity and does not influence the harvester’s center of gravity.

3. Combines are farm machines widely used in agriculture.

Exercise 10.

1. To suit operator’s needs, rear wheels are adjustable in six positions.

2. Some plow models of conventional types are in common use.

3. Digger bodies have a higher power requirements than the general-purpose type.

ЗАВДАННЯ II. Перепишіть та перекладіть на рідну мову речення, що вміщують різні форми порівняння.

Exercise 1.

1 .The diesel engine has heavier parts than the gasoline engine.

2. The four- stroke-cycle engine with spark ignition is the most common type of the internal combustion engine.

3.The longer a specialist works on a farm, the better he knows farm machines.

4.The campus of our University is much bigger than that in the other Universities of our town.

Exercise 2.

1. There are higher pressures in the diesel engines and because of these pressures the diesel engines have heavier piston pins, connecting rods and crankshafts.

2. Gasoline is the best fuel for automobile engines.

3. The greater is the compression the higher is the temperature in the cylinder.

4. The cooling system of this model isn’t as reliable as it used to be.

Exercise 3.

1. Most of farm engines are of the four- stroke type but there are some smaller engines of the two- stroke type.

2. The heavier are the engine parts, the more material we use for their production.

3. This fuel burns better than gasoline.

4. This student is the most attentive in our group.

Exercise 4.

1. The four- stroke- cycle engines have greater efficiency than the two- stroke engines.

2. This old tractor model is not so popular as the new one.

3. Because of the higher pressures in the diesel engine it has heavier parts than the gasoline engine.

4. The diesel engine uses fewer gallons of less costly fuel that the gasoline engine.

Exercise 5.

1. The most important factor which provides the engine’s greatest efficiency is proper maintenance.

2. Most of tractors have tyres which can be placed closer or farther apart according to the distance between the rows.

3. Why is plowing the most important farming operation?

4. Diesel fuel is more expensive than gasoline.

Exercise 6.

1. The slightest alternation in sound or vibration warns operator of potential trouble.

2. If the engine has proper maintenance and operates at proper temperatures it will give the greatest efficiency, long engine life and low operation cost.

3. The longer we study engine design the better we know it.

4. The easiest way to create motion from gasoline is to burn the gasoline inside an engine.

Exercise 7.

1. The longer the specialists work on a new tractor model, the better they know its performance.

2. Because of higher pressures in the diesel engine it has heavier parts than the gasoline engine.

3. 90º C is the most suitable working temperature of an engine.

4. The diesel engine is built heavier because it must withstand higher pressures.

Exercise 8.

1. This new combine model is as simple in drive as a conventional combine.

2. High performance diesel engines for new larger models of the 1600 series will show significant productivity improvements.

3. The diesel engine will use less fuel than the gasoline engine for the same work done.

4. Passengers prefer diesel electric locomotives to steam because trains start more smoothly, travel more comfortable at higher speeds and give off little smoke.

Exercise 9.

1. The four-stroke-cycle engines have greater efficiency than the two- stroke-cycle engines.

2. There are higher pressures in the diesel engines.

3. The four-stroke-cycle engine with spark ignition is the most common type of the internal combustion engines.

4. This tractor model is not so powerful as that one.

Exercise 10.

1. The efficiency of this combine model has increased with the use of the latest technology of harvesting.

2. Farmers want to buy this new tractor model for it is more efficient and powerful.

3. Front-and rear-mounted implements will contribute to better, more economical field operations.

4. The fuel system of this car model isn’t as reliable as it used to be.

ЗАВДАННЯ III. Перепишіть наступні речення, підкресліть в кожному з них модальне дієслово або його еквівалент. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.

Exercise 1.

1. The tractor can pull and push machines.

2. Wheeled tractors may have implements and machines mounted on them.

3. This new combine model has to offer more comfort for the driver.

4. The burning of fuel should provide power.

Exercise 2.

1. The totally comfortable seat can be adjusted seven ways to suit the operator.

2. In this cab, fully isolated on four rubber mounts, the operator is able to work long hours, free from noise, vibration and dust.

3. We must study all types of tractors.

4. One should study the basic parts of the engine.

Exercise 3.

1. The fuel should be clean and have no water.

2. We may classify tractors according to power produced.

3. The crawlers are able to push heavy loads.

4. Wheeled tractors may have mounted implements and machines on them.

Exercise 4.

1. Most of the tractors have tyres which can be placed closer or farther apart according to the distance between the rows that must be cultivated.

2. We had to change the oil regularly.

3. The dynamic wheel forces are to be reduced, particularly on the front axle.

4. The total weight of field machines should be as low as possible in order to reduce soil compaction.

Exercise 5.

1. This could be realized by axle suspension systems with adjustable characteristics or special devices for vibration isolation.

2. Air filtering systems have to be improved.

3. Researches have shown that the driver’s comfort can be considerably improved.

4. So-called “System Tractors” may replace some of the standard tractors of today in certain applications.

Exercise 6.

1. To improve the safety of the driver we have to increase the efficiency of the brakes.

2. The most universal application of tractors can be achieved by improved front and rear implement coupling systems.

3. Complete solutions for replacing the driver are not to be expected in the near future.

4. The camshaft must open the engine valves.

Exercise 7.

1. One should study the basic parts of the engine.

2. The tractor must be serviced properly.

3. The crawlers are able to pull or push heavy loads and machines.

4. Tractors can be classified according to the maximum power that their engines can produce.

Exercise 8.

1. The design criteria of the tractor are to be discussed at the conference.

2. One cannot use crawlers for light operations. They are to be used for heavy operations.

3. The burning of fuel should produce power.

4. We may classify tractors according to the power produced.

Exercise 9.

1. The new tractor model can pull the biggest implements.

2. The question must be raised as to wether the development of high tractor speed is justified by the transport needs in agriculture instead of using road vehicles.

3. Maximum tractor speeds are to be taken into consideration for future tractor designs.

4. The design of new tractors may include an improved selection of reverse gears so that tractor may be operated in reverse as well as in forward direction.

Exercise 10.

1. You can get more work done in less time, with fewer man hours.

2. You could place tyres according to the distance between the rows.

3. We must study all new types of modern tractor engines.

4. We shall be able to place tyres closer or farther apart when necessary.

ЗАВДАННЯ IV. Перепишіть наступні речення, підкресліть в кожному з них дієслово-присудок та визначте його видо-часову форму та стан. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.

Exercise 1.

1. The mounted moldboard plow has rapidly gained in popularity in the last several years.

2. The coolant was circulating from the water jacket through the radiator.

3. Heat is being produced in the combustion chamber as the fuel is being burned.

4. Many tests have been recently carried out in order to determine the advantages of subsoiling but the results have been obtained of little value.

5. The circulation takes place when the pump is operating.

6. When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the results were published.

Exercise 2.

1. Two types of liquid cooling systems are used on farm tractors.

2. The cultivation machines used in modern agriculture have been developed through research and field testing.

3. The differential and final drive gears are being lubricated with the same lubricants.

4. By this time the farmers will have finished the soil cultivation.

5. Self-propelled machines with pick-up reel and vertical cutter bar have been widely used in Britain and Canada.

6. When the experiment was being made everybody was watching it with great interest

Exercise 3.

1. The weight of a crawler is greater that of a wheeled tractor.

2. The general - purpose type of plough body has become useful for the general ploughing work.

3. After a charge of fuel had been consumed the burnt gases were expelled from the cylinder.

4. The manufacturers will soon be able to give engineers the necessary information.

5. The plough has been used in its different forms for many centuries.

6. An excursion to the most advanced farms has been organized at our .

Exercise 4.

1. The cutting unit of a combine is often called the “ header” because it cuts the grain just below the heads.

2. A number of coulter systems are now being designed to allow the user to choose the most suitable system for his conditions.

3. Blue smoke appears from exhaust valves as too much oil has been mixed with the petrol.

4. Both mounted and semi-mounted types of ploughs are being produced.

5. The popularity of mounted ploughs has increased tremendously since the advent of hydraulic controls on tractors.

6. We have been experimenting with this new tractor model for more than three month.

Exercise 5.

1. The oil lubricated engine parts as it was running back to the oil pan.

2. The most important factor which provides the engine’s greater efficiency is proper maintenance.

3. The cultivation machines that are used in modern agriculture have been developed through research and field testing.

4. Hydraulic systems are used for control of both rear- and front- mounted implements.

5. The transition from animal power to mechanical power began in the twentieth century.

6. When these farm tools had been tested many times they were put into mass production.

Exercise 6.

1.The construction of straw walkers and sieves will be discussed at our scientific conference.

2.During the last 50 years agricultural production has depended on the universal application of the tractor.

3.When the bottom of the furrow slice have been cut, the mould board lifts and turns the soil.

4.The all-purpose wheeled tractor is designed to operate with all kinds of implements.

5.Very large four- wheel-drive tractors are also used for heavy works in agriculture.

6. Planters are equipped with fertilizer attachments which place the fertilizer on each side of die seed.

Exercise 7.

1.The development of power farming (сільське господарство на промисловій основі ) has had a tremendous effect on the American way of life.

2.The semi- mounted ploughs are not lifted off the ground.

3.After the charge of fuel had been consumed the burnt gases were expelled from the cylinder.

4.Many agricultural plants were harvested by hand not so long ago.

5.Without mechanization great productive capacity of agriculture will not be possible.

6. Almost all the recommended daily, weekly and monthly overhauls were attended to and the air filter oil was changed 16 times.

Exercise 8.

1.Fresh air is drawn through a filter.

2.The deferential and final drives gears are being lubricated with the same lubricants.

3.Ploughs have become main implements used for soil preparation.

4 Many hectares of land have been put under cultivation in our region this year.

5.We had discussed all the details of a new tractor model before the test were made.

6. Before the injectors were changed, the maximum deprecation in power over the year was found to be 3.7 h.p. at rated speed.

Exercise 9.

1.The plough has become the implement used for soil cultivation.

2.In the internal combustion piston engine ,the fuel is forced into the space between the cylinder head and the piston which is usually called the combustion chamber or space.

3.Ball bearings are being used in these pumps so that they can be lubricated for life and, therefore, offer little maintenance problems.

4.Pumps of the centrifugal types are found in the forced circulation systems.

5.Manifolds are employed to conduct the gases into and out of the cylinders.

6. We were informed that great work bad been carried out on he new tractor model development.

Exercise 10.

1.After a charge of fuel has been consumed the burnt gases were expelled from the cylinder.

2.Heat is being produced in the combustion chamber.

3.The cultivation machines used in modern agriculture have been developed through research and field testing.

4.By this time the farmers will have finished the soil cultivation.

5.The plow has become the implement used for soil cultivation.

6.It often happens that front-wheel hearings run for years with no attention other than greasing.

ЗАВДАННЯ V. Перепишіть та перекладіть речення на українську мову. Пам’ятайте, що oб’єктний та суб’єктний інфінітивні звороти відповідають підрядним реченням.

Exercise 1.

1. In modern agriculture machines are known to be used to reduce the hours of labour required to produce agricultural products.

2. The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand on solidifying.

3. I know him to carry out research in the field of metering devices.

4 Engineering is known to be of great importance for many branches of national economy.

5.This method is known to be satisfactory under damp conditions.

Exercise 2.

1. Modern agriculture seems to be quite impossible without farm machinery.

2. We believe him to be carrying out an interesting experiment.

3. An electric current is known to be a stream of electrons in motion.

4. New farm tractors with improved properties are reported to be bought by farms of our region.

5. These farm machines are said to be used in the subhumid regions.

Exercise 3.

1. Tractors are known to have found wide application in agriculture.

2. They considered him to be a very experienced researcher.

3. Nowadays the principles of tractor operation appears to be quite simple.

4. Everybody knows Diesel to have developed new types of engines.

5. To take care of a machine or tractor means to have it in good operation conditions at all times.

Exercise 4.

1. We know the electric current to flow in metal parts.

2. Achievements in farm engineering are believed to have laid the foundation for further progress in agriculture.

3. Farm mechanization is said to be of great importance for modern agricultural production.

4.We expect the scientific and technological progress in agriculture to increase the intensification of production.

5. To open furrows in unplowed land is the function of a grassland drill.

Exercise 5.

1. We expect new farming technologies to come into use on every farm of our region.

2. We know irrigation canals to provide our farms with water.

3. The experiment is believed to be successful and will be discussed at our scientific conference.

4. The steam-powered tractor is considered to have been produced in the United States.

5. The depth of sowing is known to be regulated hydrolically.

Exercise 6.

1. We are certain to finish our tests of a new tractor in time.

2. I know them to have fulfilled their programme of investigations ahead of time.

3. This method of tractor maintenance allows to be used by the farmers for a longer period.

4. It is said that they work much at a new tractor model.

5. To add organic matter to the soil is important for getting high yields.

Exercise 7.

1. We consider the results of this year farming to be not satisfactory.

2. The number of new farm machinery on our farms is supposed to go up.

3. Science is known to have become the main source of world's progress.

4. This type of tractor is said to have some advantages.

5. To prepare a suitable seedbed and to improve the physical condition of the soil are the basic reasons for tillage.

Exеrcise 8.

1. We want this machinery to be used on our farm.

2. Under these economic conditions the output of our farms is likely not to increase.

3. We heard the experts demand to reduce the overall weight of tractors.

4. The all-round mechanization and automation are sure to increase labour productivity in all branches of our agriculture

5. We know cultivators and harrows to be implements whose main use is in breaking up clods.

Exercise 9.

1. The development of science and technology is known to be the most important source of steady growth of the people's well-being.

2. Computers are known to have found wide application in agriculture.

3. The fields to be sown were plowed in autumn.

4. Tremendous investments into farm machinery supply are known to be required to raise our agricultural output.

5. Cooling system is known to be one of the most essentials of the engine.

Exercise 10.

1. We consider the results of engine testing to be not satisfactory.

2. The results obtained by our agriculture are considered to be not satisfactory.

3. The capacity of this tractors seems to be higher than the previous one.

4. The new tractor model is reported to have been put into mass production.

5. Every body knows cultivation to increase the yield of crops.

ЗАВДАННЯ VI. Перепишіть наступні речення, підкресліть Participle I та Participle II і визначте їх функції в реченні. Перекладіть на рідну мову.

Exercise 1.

1. The burring fuel causes a high temperature within the cylinder.

2. Self- propelled equipment requires specialized power transmission systems.

3. The harvested grain is directed to the grain tank.

4. Operating under heavy load conditions, engines may sometimes knock.

Exercise 2.

1. Reduced power requirements are especially significant when harvesting high moisture crop.

2. The types of tractors usually employed for work in agriculture include the row-crop to general-purpose tractors, standard wheel types, utility tractors and tracklayers.

3. Heavy and medium harrows are used for breaking of ploughed land.

4. When broken or worn, the knife sections can be easily removed and replaced.

Exercise 3.

1. Conventional reversible and disc ploughs are being produced now.

2. A plough is an implement with one or more moldboards cutting and turning the soil.

3. Producing very deep phoughing the digger type of plough body is generally used for root – crops.

4. While moving, any body does work.

Exercise 4.

1. The connecting- rod forming a link between piston and a crankshaft rotates the crankshaft.

2. The piston is moving within the cylinder.

3. Having passed across the field the operator turned the plough.

4. Mowing the body, we apply the force.

Exercise 5.

1. The tractor hydraulic system provides the power turning the plough.

2. The general- purpose type of plough body has become useful for the general ploughing work

3. The adjusted seat suits man better.

4. The several kinds of drills are distinguished by the type of furrow opener used.

Exercise 6.

1. Reduced fuel consumption is an important feature of the new hydraulic system.

2. A harvesting machine is divided into two sections.

3. Operating at higher speeds the driver needs an increased efficiency of the brakes and special devices for vibration isolation.

4. The cutting mechanism is usually controlled by hydraulic or electric lifts.

Exercise 7.

1. Soil compaction is being recognized as a problem on certain soil types.

2. Refined plant oil is very expensive in relation to diesel fuel.

3. When properly maintained tractor engines have higher operation efficiency.

4. Mowers being kept in good adjustment, tlu operator takes full advantage of their peak efficiency.

Exercise 8.

1. The smaller farmers with limited financial resources more often use tractor- powered implements.

2. In the following sections the design criteria of a tractor are being discussed.

3. We achieve a better power output using ethanol as a fuel in diesel engines.

4. Having many moving parts, grain harvesters have many places for wear.

Exercise 9.

1. The increasing use of agricultural machines has brought new technological problems.

2. In his cab, fully isolated from noise, vibration and dust, operator can work long hours.

3. Using the hydraulic system one can lift mounted implements.

4. The knife driven by a connecting rod lies through the fingers which are bolted to the cutter bar back.

Exercise 10.

1. The tractor hydraulic system provides the power turning the plough.

2. The present-day tractor is the most useful machine supplying its power to numerous farm tasks.

3. Harrows are used for various purposes.

4. All the cutting members being sharp, user takes full advantage of their peak efficiency.

ЗАВДАННЯ VII. Перепишіть та перекладіть текст на рідну мову.

TEXT 1.

DIESEL ENGINES

Diesel, or compression ignition engines are similar to the spark ignition engines in principle However, there are important differences. On the intake stroke of the Diesel engines air only enters the cylinder, and is compressed on the next to approximately 1.200 F by decreasing its volume to about 1/16 of the original volume. This temperature; is known to be high enough to burn heavy fuel that is sprayed into the compressed and heated air by a specially high compression, its parts must be heavier and must fit more perfectly than in a spark ignition engine.

Although Diesel engines will theoretically operate on any oil that can be pumped through the injector, they operate much more efficiently on «Diesel Fuel” or fuel oil.

Some Diesel engines are designed on the two-cycle principle, performing the four necessary operations in two strokes. A blower is usually used to inject air into the cylinder, and to force burned gases out at end of the power stroke.

The most critical part of the Diesel engine is the fuel injecting system. The plungers are built to fit very closely.. Any dust or dirt in the fuel soon wears the injecting pumps until they cannot inject the fuel against the high compression in the cylinder. Special care must be taken with Diesel fuel to keep it clean and to deliver it clean to the injecting pumps.

As an added precaution, several very fine screens and filters are used in the supply line. These must be kept clean and operating efficiently as a protection to the pumps.

Manufacturer's instructions are particularly important in servicing Diesel.

Answer the questions:

1. What is the most critical part of the diesel engine?

2. What is the most important factor in servicing Diesel?

3. What is a blower is used for?

TEXT 2.

COOLING SYSTEMS

Let us examine cooling system arrangements in common use. The simplest is known as the thermo-syphon system. The cylinder block and head contain connected water passages. From the cylinder-head water passage a pipe extends into the top of the radiator From the bottom of the radiator, a pipe is connected to the waiter passage at the bottom of the cylinder block. Thus there is a complete circuit- A fan is provided to draw air through the radiator core.

When the engine is running, the water in the head and upper part of the cylinder block becomes hot and rises into the radiator. At the same time cooler water passes from the bottom of the radiator into the bottom of the cylinder block. The fan draws air through the core and dissipates some of the heat into the surrounding atmosphere. Thus the water circulates continually.

The chief disadvantage of the thermo-syphon system is hat circulation tends to be sluggish, consequently a large radiator capacity, and connections are required.

To reduce these it is customary to fit a pump to assist circulation. Most cooling system pumps are the centrifugal impeller type, usually situated in the passage between cylinder head and radiator and driven by the fan-belt. This system is called the pump-assisted thermo-syphon.

Another device frequently incorporated in cooling systems is the thermostat. The purpose of this is to restrict the circulation of water to the engine until it has reached a predetermined temperature. This ensures that the engine warms up more quickly than it would if the whole of the water circulated,

The complete thermostat assembly is usually contained in the water passage between the cylinder head and the radiator And as long as the valve is closed, no considerable amount of water can pass into the top of the radiator. When the water around the engine reaches a given temperature, the valve opens and allows circulation through the radiator. The temperature at which the valve should open is usually stamped on the thermostat body.

Answer the questions:

1.What is the simplest cooling system?

2.What is the chief disadvantage of the termo-syphon system?

3.What device is used to restrict the circulation of water to the engine?

TEXT 3.

TRACTOR POWER

The basis of mechanization is the supply of power, in other words, it is the tractor. The actual source of farm power supply is the combustion of a fuel in the tractor engines. The engine produces power which the other tractor components make available at the drawbar, belt pulley and power take-off shaft.

The combustion of a mixture of air and fuel produces heat energy which is converted into mechanical energy by the engine. But considerable heat is inevitably lost with the exhaust gases and to the cooling water and mechanical losses of power occur in friction of the moving parts of the engine, in pumping the air of mixture into the cylinders and the burnt gases out of the cylinders and in driving the engine accessories (such as magneto, fan, etc.). Thus the power actually developed by the engine is very much less than the power equivalent latent in the fuel.

The ignition of a mixture of fuel and air in each cylinder gives rise to high pressure in the combustion space and forces the piston downwards; the piston is connected through a crank arrangement to a crankshaft and the pressure acting on each piston during the power stroke causes a turning effort on the crankshaft. The resultant crankshaft torque multiplied by the speed of crankshaft rotation gives the engine power output.

The major function of the tractor is to provide power at the draw bar for field work. Power at the engine flywheels is transmitted through a change-speed gearbox and various reduction gears to the rear wheels of tracks. The actual power at the rear wheel shafts will be lower than that at the engine flywheel because of the mechanical transmission.

Answer the questions:

1.What is the actual source of farm power supply?

2.How is mechanical power produced in a diesel engine?

3.What is the main function of the tractor?

TEXT 4.

DRILL SEEDERS

The grain drill is a machine designed and built to place the seeds of small grains and grasses in the ground in narrow rows spaced at 6 to 8 in (15.2 to 20.3 cm) apart at a uniform depth. The principal parts are the main frame, transport and drive wheels, a box for seed, a device to meter the seed out of the hopper in uniform quantities, furrow openers to open the fur­rows for t'hc seed, and covering devices.It is known that tractor-operated grain drills can be divided into two types, namely, trailing and mounted. Most of the trailing types are supported by a wheel at each end of the drill. This type is called an end-wheel drill. The wheels serve as ground traction drives to operate the moving parts of the drill.Large drills are divided so that each end wheel drives half of the feeds. Hydraulic remote-control cylinders raise and lower the drill on the end wheels. Trailing press-wheel drills are partly supported by the large press wheel at the rear and partly by the hitch bar in front.

Mounted grain drills are mounted on the tractor by the three- point hitch. The drill feeds and other moving parts are driven by the power take off of the tractor.

Answer the questions:

1. What is the grain drill?

2. How are grain drills classified?

3.How are grain drills mounted on the tractor?

TEXT 5.

CULTIVATOR — HARROWS

We know cultivators and harrows to be implements whose main use is in breaking up clods. For example, they are used after ploughs for breaking up the furrow slices and working the soil to a tilth in the preparation of seedbeds. Other uses include the destruction of weeds, mixing of fertilizers with the soil and covering of seeds. There is no essential difference between cultivators and harrows, but, generally speaking, cultivators are used to deal with heavy work and large clods, and harrows are later employed to continue the work of preparing a fine tilth. We believe the terms "cultivator" and "harrow" to be, however, loosely used; and implements which can bo used for either deep or shallow work are called "cultivator harrows",

The tines used on the older types of harrow are straight and are rigidly fixed in a perpendicular position in a "zig-zag" frame. The depth of penetration of such;u Implements is small; it depends upon the firmness of the soil, the size and shape of the tines and points, and the weight of the implement. Straight tines with the points inclined forward tend to penetrate deeper than vertically mounted ones. Such tines loosen the soil and lift weeds to the surface, while vertical tines compress the lower layers and do not pull out so much rubbish.

Answer the questions:

1. What is the purpose of cultivation?

2. Is there any difference between cultivators and harrows?

3. What does the depth of penetration of such implements depend upon?

TEXT 6.

DISTRIBUTION OF FERTILIZERS

Fertilizers are required where soils are deficient in plant food elements. When land is planted to crops over a long period of years, the plant food elements are reduced and yields of crops lower.

It is now recognized that higher yields can be expected from most soils in all areas if the right type of fertilizer is properly applied. This is commonly done by the application of farmyard manure, liquid manure and artificial or organic fertilizers.The distribution of each of these categories of manure presents its own problems.

The main methods of appying fertilizers to crops include:

1. broadcasting solid fertilizer and working it into the soil before sowing;

2. injecting liquids or gases into the soil before sowing;

3. applying the fertilizer at the time of sowing, either in contact with the seed or quite close to it;

4. surface distribution (liquid or solid) to a growing crop; and

5) njecting the fertilizer (mainly liquid or gas) into the soil or alongside the growing crop.

Most fertilizer distributors are broadcasting machines, and object is to secure a uniform broadcasting of the manure over the surface of the soil.

In order to achieve a good distribution, whether the aim is to distribute the manure over the surface or to arrange it in some pattern, it is essential that the fertilizer be in good condition.A good distribution is done with special fertilizing equipment.

Answer the questions:

1.Why are fertilizers required?

2.What methods of applying fertilizers do you know?

3.How is a good distribution of fertilizers done?

TEXT 7.

FERTILIZER ATTACHMENTS

Fertilizer can be applied to the soil in several forms, such as barnyard manure, granular and pelleted fertilizers of various formulae, and fertilizers in liquid and gaseous form. Special equipment is required for the handling of these types of fertilizers, which are applied to the soil and crop in various ways at different stages of culture. For example, barnyard manure is usually broadcast over the land with a manure spreader before seedbed preparation. It is then worked into the soil, either by plowing or by disk harrow. Granular fertilizers are applied with granular-fertilizer distributors.

Fertilizer attachments are available for most tractor-mounted planters and cultivators. Attachments are also available for grain drills and some types of plows. Fertilizer attachments have been designed to work in conjunction with most tractor planters.

Fertilizer attachments for grain drills consist of a specially constructed hopper having a partition extending lengthwise through the middle. The planting unit is in the front half of the box, while the fertilizer unit is in the rear half.

A better method is to release the fertilizer through separate tubes which will place the fertilizer in the drills above the seed.

Thе equipment for applying liquid fertilizers consists essentially of tankers for transport; holding tanks on the farm for temporary storage, and a distributor which may be capableof broadcast application, or below-ground placemen.

A. typical modern machine has a tank, a pump, driven by hydraulic motor, capable of delivering over 100 gallons per minute through several nozzles in the boom.

Answer the questions:

1. What forms of fertilizers are there?

2. When is barnyard manure broadcast?

3 For what implements are there fertilizer attachments?

TEXT 8.

Threshing Mechanism.

The threshing mechanism, which separates the. grain from the stalks, consists mainly of revolving cylinder and the concaves. A feeder-beater is usually located in front of the cylinder and at the upper end of the elevator-feeder to assist the elevatorfeeder in feeding the grain to the threshing mechanism.

Most combines are provided with the rasp-bar-type cylinder and concaves. The grain is rubbed from Hie stems without materially cutting the straw. Tooth-type cylinder and concaves are available on some combines. Adjustments are provided for varying the speed of the cylinder to suit the kind of crop being harvested. V-belt variable-speed drives are used on most combines. The straw is thrown back onto the separating mechanism, while the grain falls through the concaves onto a grain pan or grain carrier and is conveyed to the cleaning mechanism.

On the small straight-through combines, the cylinder and concaves extend almost the full width of the cutter bar while on the larger machines, the cylinder and concaves are only about 30 m (76.2 cm) in width and 18 to 24 m (45.7 to 61.0 cm) in diameter. All machines provide means of adjusting the con­caves to the cylinder. The peripheral speed of combine cylinders ranges from 2000 to 7000 r/min, depending upon the type of crop and its condition.

Answer the questions:

1. What does the threshing mechanism consist of?

2. What is provided for varying the speed of the cylinder?

3. On what combines do the cylinder and concaves extend almost the full width of the cutter bar?

TEXT 9.

ROOT-HARVESTING EQUIPMENT

Several field crops, such as potatoes, beets, peanuts, and sweet potatoes form tubers or roots below the surface of the ground. Specially designed machines are required to dig and separate them from the soil.

Potato Harvester. In general, potato harvesters (diggers) can be classed as one row and two-row tractor-drawn machines.

The two -row machines can be further divided into three types, namely, the two- unit or separate apron; the two-row, open-throat, connected apron; and the combination digger-cleanersacker, or loader. The last can be called a potato combine and two-row potato harvesters are drawn behind the tractor, but the elevating and shaking apron is power-fakeoff-driven. A long po/wer shaft extends from the power takeoff to an enclosed gearbox on the harvester. This gearbox usually consists of a three-speed transmission which permits the elevator to be operated at speeds suited to the field condition.

Several types of digging blades are available. The blade is run deep enough to scoop up the buried potatoes. The complete mass of soil and potatoes is delivered to a travelling elevator chain which is agitated up and down by elongated sprockets on each side of the chain which are usually offset alternately; that is, one link is high, while the next link is set low. The chain belt may be constructed as continuous belt from front to rear, or it may be divided into two sections.

Most potato growers use chemicals to kill the tops or power-operated flail-beaters to dispose of the vines and weeds before operating the potato harvester.

Answer the questions:

1.What field crops form tubers or roots below the surface of the ground?

2.How are potato harvesters classed?

3.Why do most potato-growers use chemicals?

TEXT 10.

MANURE SPREADERS

The manure spreader is a machine for carrying barnyard manure to the field, and spreading it uniformly over the land.

There are ground and power-take-off driven spreaders. The mechanism of a ground-driven manure spreader is operated by sprockets and chain from the wheels supporting the spreader.

The power-take-off driven type is designed to operate from the tractor power take-off. The shaft is connected to the center of the spreader box. A chain transmits the power to a drive shaft that extends backward along the side of the box to a gear drive connected to the drive mechanism.

The principal parts of the manure spreader are the frame, the box, the conveyor, the beaters and the widcspreader.

Since manure is very heavy a comparatively light frame is required. The bottom and sides of the manure spreader box may be made of wood. The front of the box is closed by an inclined end gate, while the rear part of the box is open to the beaters. The rear end of the box is 1 to 2 in. (2,5 to 5,1 cm) wider than the front end to reduce pressure on the sides.

The manure in the box is moved to the rear by an endless double chain-and-slat conveyor or apron. The manure is deposited in the box on the conveyor; then as the conveyor moves, it carries the manure with it to therear of the machine, where it comes in contact with the beaters.

Answer the questions:

1.What is the manure spreader used for?

2.By means of what is the mechanism of a ground-drivert manure spreader operated?

3.Where does the chain transmit the power?

VOCABULARY

actuator	пускач, привод, датчик
additive	присадка (до масла, палива)
adjust	регулювати, пристосовувати, встановлювати
alteration	змiна, деформацiя
assemble	збирати
auger grain auger delivery auger	шнек, конвеєр шнековий завантажувач зерна розвантажувальний шнек
axial	осьовий
axle	ведучий мiст, вiсь
baffle	дросель, глушник
bar cutter bar	стрижень, пруток рiзальний апарат
bearing main bearing	пiдшипник корiнний пiдшипник
belt belt pulley drive belt V- belt	пас, ремiнь ремiнний шкiв привiдний ремiнь клиноподiбний ремiнь
blade	лопата, нiж, лезо
bore	розточувати, сверлити
bottom	дно, нижня частина
bowl	поплавкова камера
brake	гальмувати, гальма
broadcast	розкидувати
broadcaster	розкидувач
cab	кабiна
cage	клiть, клiтка,решiтчастий барабан
camshaft	кулачковий вал,розподiльний вал
canvas	стрiчка конвеєра
capacity	номiнальна потужнiсть,продукттвнiсть
carbureyttor	карбюратор
care	догляд, утримання
centre bottom dead centre closed centre top dead centre	центр нижня мертва точка замкнутий центр верхня мертва точка
chaff	полова
caffer	полововловлювач
chain feeder chain	ланцюг кормороздатчик,подаючий ланцюг (тукової сiвалки)
chamber combustion chamber	камера камера згоряння
channel	жолоб, канал
charge fuel charge	заряд паливний заряд
chassis	рама, ходова частина, шасi
chisel	культиватор, чизель
cleaner air cleaner	очищувач повiтряний фiльтр,очищувач повiтря
clearance	клiренс,шляховий просвiт
clutch	зчеплення,зчiпна муфта
combine Axil Flow Combine	комбайн комбайн з осьовою вiдцентровуючою молотаркою
combustion	горiння,згоряння
concave	пiдбарабання, дека
coolant	охолоджувач, охолоджувальна рiдина
coulter	нiж плуга, соха
coupling	зчеплення, муфта
crank	колiно, прокручувати вал двигуна
crankcase	картер
crankshaft	колiнчастий вал
crawler	гусеничний трактор
cultivator rotary cultivator	культиватор ротацiйна фреза
cushioning	амортизацiя
cutter	рiзець, подрiбнювач, фреза
cylinder	цилiндр, барабан
cylinder block	блок цилiндрiв
device	прилад, пристрiй
digger	копач, плуг з передплужником
discharge	розвантаження, розвантажувати
draft=draught draught link	тяга, зчеплення,тягове зусилля силовий регулятор
drawbar wide-swing drawbar	тяговий брус, зчiпний пристрiй маятниковий зчiпний пристрiй
drill direct drill direct drilling	рядова сiвалка, сiяти по стернi стернова сiвалка стерновий посiв
drive four-wheel drive	приводити в дiю, привод з приводом на чотири колеса
drum	барабан
efficiency	к.к.д., ефективнiсть
engage	зчiпляти
engine internal combustion	двигун двигун внутрiшнього
engine	згоряння
equipment	обладнання
exaust	вихлоп
exhaust gases exhaust valve	вихлопнi (вiдпрацьованi) гази випускний клапан
expel	виштовхувати
fan	вентилятор
farming power farming	сiльське господарство механiзоване сiльське господарство
fault	несправнiсть
feeder scoop-type feeder feeding mechanism	конвеєр конвеєр скребкового типу кормороздатчик, конвер
filler	навантажувальний пристрiй
filter	фiльтр
fin	радiаторна пластина, ребро (радiатора)
flight auger flight	виток, скребок елеватора виток шнека
flywheel	маховик
forced	примусовий
force out	виштовхувати
frame	рама
furrow	борозна
gasket	прокладка
gauge	вимiрювальний прилад
gear reverse gear	шестерня, зубчаста передача шестерня зворотного ходу
gearbox	коробка передач
general-purpose	загального призначення
governer	регулятор
grate finger grate	решiтка, грохот гребiнчаста колосникова решiтка
gravity	тяжiння, сила тяжiння
grip	зчеплення(з землею), захват
handling	керування, транспортування
harrow power harrow spike-tooth harrow spring-tooth harrow	борона, боронувати силова борона пружинна борона борона з пружинними зубами
harvester forage harvester	комбайн кормозбиральний комбайн
header	хедер
heavy-duty	потужний
hinge	пiдвiшувати на шарнiрах
hitch three-point hitch	зачеп, навiсний пристрiй, зчеплювати триточкова пiдвiска
hoe rotary hoe	мотика фрезерний культиватор
hook	крюк
hose	шланг, гнучка труба
housing	корпус, чохол
idling	холостий хiд, робота на холостому ходу
ignition	запалювання
impeller	крильчатка, робоче колесо
inject	впорскувати
injector	форсунка, iнжектор
inlet	впуск, впускний отвiр
intake	впуск
intercooler	промiжний охолоджувач
joint	стик, шов, з’єднання
knob	кнопка, ручка
leak	теча, давати течу
leg	стiйка культиватора
lever	ричаг
linkage three-point linkage	важiльний механiзм, важiльна передача,з чеплення триточковий навiсний пристрiй
loader	навантажувач
lock	стопор, замок
lubrcant lubrication	мастило змащування
maintenance	техдогляд, експлуатацiя
manifold	патрубок, трубопровiд
meter	дозатор, контрольно-вимiрювальний прилад
mount	навiшувати, монтувати
mower	косарка
muffler	глушник
multipurpose	унiверсальний, багатоцiльовий
nozzle	форсунка, сопло, наконечник
output	потужнiсть
overheat	перегрiв
overload	перевантаження
paddle	лопасть, затвор
pan grain pan oil pan	пiддон, лоток, корито транспортна дошка масляний пiддон
panel	панель, щiт управлiння
pin piston pin	палець поршневий палець
pipe	труба, трубопровiд
piston	поршень
planter	сiвалка для гнiздового посiву
plough=plow	плуг
plug spark(ing) plug	свiчка, свiча свiчка запалювання
plunger	плунжер
point	точка, момент, носок лемiха
power	сила, потужнiсть
pressure	тиск
quick-detach	швидкозйомний
rack straw rack	зубчаста рейка соломотряс
ram	плунжер
rebore	розточувати(пiд час ремонту)
reciprocating	зворотно-поступальний
reel	мотовило
repair	ремонтувати
replace	замiнювати(деталi)
residue plant residue	залишки, вiдходи стерня
return	зворотня подача
reverse	реверс, давати заднiй хiд
revolve	обертатися, крутитися
rigid	нерухомо прикрiплений, жорсткий
rim	обiд (колеса)
ring piston ring	кiльце поршневе кiльце
rod	брус, стержень
connecting rod	шатун
roll=roller	каток, ролик
rotor	ротор, барабан( грунтофрези)
row	рядок, мiжряддя
rowcrops	просапнi культури
scraper	скрепер, скребок
screen	решето, сито
seal	сальник, прокладка
seedbed	рiлля, пiдготовлений до посiву грунт
self-ignite	самозапалюватися
self-propelled	самохiдний
semi-digger	плуг з передплужником
semimounted	напiвнавiсний
separator	молотарка(у комбайнi),соломотряс (молотарки)
series=set	набiр, комплект
shaft power-take-off shaft (PTO-shaft)	вал вал вiдбору потужностi
share	лемех (плуга)
shell	кожух, корпус
shoe sieve shoe	сошник решiтчастий стiк
shop	майстерня
side-hill plough	зворотний плуг
sieve sieve for cleaning	сито, решето решето очистки
skid	полозок, опорна лижа
slip	ковзати,буксувати
soil soil-engaging parts	грунт грунтозахватнi частини
spark	iскра
specification	iнструкцiя з експлуатацiї
speed forward speed reverse speed	швидкiсть передня/поступальна швидкiсть задня швидкiсть
sprayer	розпилювач, оприскувач
spreader	розкидач
spring	пружина
sprocket	ведуче колесо, ланцюгове або зубчасте колесо
starter	пускач, стартер
steering	рульове управлiння
straw	солома
stroke power stroke	такт, хiд поршня робочий хiд
stubble	стерня
subsoil	пiдгрунтя, розпушувач пiдгрунтя
subsoiler	грунтозаглиблювач, пiдгрунтовий розрихлювач
suspention	пiдвiска
swath	прокiс, прокошена смуга
swathing	рядкування
sweep	культиваторна лапа,волок, гребка
tailings	необмолочене колосся
tank grain tank	бак, резервуар зерновий бункер
thresh	обмолочувати, молотити
throttle	дросель,дросельна заслонка
tillage	обробiток грунту
tiller	грунтофреза,грунтообробне знаряддя
tine	зуб
torque	момент обертання
track	гусениця(трактора)
tractor garden tractor tracklaying tractor utility tractor	трактор садово-городний трактор гусеничний трактор трактор загального призначення
trailed	причiпний
train	зубчаста передача
transplanter	розсадосадильна машина
trash	рослиннi залишки
tread	колiя, ширина ходу
tyre	шина, покришка
unit cleaning unit cutting unit feeding unit grain-handling unit header unit power unit separating unit threshing unit	агрегат,блок, вузол очисний пристрiй рiзальний агрегат, жатка транспортний засiб вивантажувальний пристрiй для збору очищеного зерна жниварка силовий агрегат сепарувальний пристрiй молотильний агрегат
valve	клапан
vane guide vane	лопасть направляюча лопасть
vehicle	транспортний засiб
walker straw walker	платформовий соломотряс клавiшний соломотряс
wheel steering wheel	колесо рульове колесо
windrow	валок, згрiбати у валки
windrower	виндроуер, рядкова жниварка
windrowing	валкоутворення, згрiбати у валки