International Law 33

1. Понятие международного права (субъекты, исторические вехи). 33

2. Право международных договоров. Договорный процесс. Способы выражения согласия на обязательность международного договора (подписание, обмен документами, ратификация, присоединение). 34

3. Переработка и утилизация ядерных отходов 35

4. Международная космическая станция: научные исследования. Космический туризм 36

5. Право внешних сношений. Дипломатический корпус. Понятия gunboat diplomacy, coercive diplomacy, shuttle diplomacy. 38

6. Функции дипломатического представительства. Понятия: агреман, persona non grata, верительные грамоты, отзывные грамоты. 39

7. Право внешних сношений. Привилегии и иммунитеты дипломатических представителей. Привилегии и иммунитеты дипломатических агентов. 40

8. Право внешних сношений. Консульские функции. Консульский иммунитет. 42

9. Проблема соблюдения основных прав и свобод человека в мире. Всеобщая декларация прав человека. Habeas Corpus Act 43

10. Государство как субъект международного права. Границы, права, обязанности государств. Признание суверенитета государств. 44

11. Международное морское право. Правовой режим прибрежных зон. Проблема морского пиратства 44

12. Организация Объединенных Наций: создание, устав, цели и принципы. Роль в современном мире 46

13. Система органов ООН: главные и вспомогательные органы, специализированные учреждения. Генеральная Ассамблея ООН: структура, процедура голосования, полномочия, роль 47

14. Совет Безопасности ООН: структура, процедура голосования, полномочия, роль 48

15. Проблема нераспространения ядерного оружия в современном мире. Основные положения ДНЯО. 48

16. Вклад Киотского Протокола и Копенгагенского соглашения по климату в экологическую безопасность планеты 49

17. Право международных организаций: понятие, виды, роль в современном обществе. Роль МАГАТЭ в современном мире. 50

18. Международные организации: Организация о всеобъемлющем запрещении ядерных испытаний: создание, структура, роль в современном мире. 51

19. МАГАТЭ: создание, структура. МАГАТЭ и нераспространение ядерного оружия 53

20. Энергетическая стратегия в ХХI веке 54

21. Терроризм и ядерное оружие. 56

22. Безопасность (Safety and security) использования ядерного топлива 57

Business English

1.Акционерный капитал. Виды ценных бумаг. Способы привлечения капитала. Паевые инвестиционные фонды.

2 Ways to raise capital:

• By selling shares to investors, investors become part-owners of the public limited company in question.

• By obtaining loans from investors, in the form of government stocks and debentures (долговые). securities- shares and loans collectively

Government Stocks or bonds (gilts) – loans to government, fixed high rate of interest, can be bought at Post Office or through banks or stack exchange, repaid after a certain number of years or undated, absolutely safe (government is not likely to go bankrupted), yields are high, but they do not provide protection against inflation.

Local authorities bonds – issued by city, town or country councils when they need more income, sold on the Stock Exchange or directly to the public trough the local authorities own finance department, fixed rate of interest (higher than gilts have), repayable after a number of years (fixed date), but shorter period than gilts, secure.

Company shares can be bought when a firm starts trading or issues more shares, or when other investors are selling their shares. If a company makes a profit, some of it is shared among the share and debenture holders. Some types of shares are a gamble, some are less risky.

Debentures (when you buy a share, you become a part owner of the business. When you buy debenture, you become an owner of a «paper»)

• _{not shares but direct loans to a company}

• _{fixed interest (not depending on company}’s profit)

• _{are always paid first (before shareholders)}

• _{may be bought and sold on the Stock Exchange}

Preference shares

• _{fixed rate of interest (if the company has made enough profit to pa}у it)

• _{paid after debenture holders, before ordinary shareholders}

• _{return guaranteed as long as there}’s a profit

• _{voting rights limited (little control over the company)}

Cumulative preference shares

• _{if profit is not enough in any year to pay the full interest it is made up to cumulative preference shareholders in later years when money is available}

Convertible preference shares

• _{fixed rate of interest until certain time, after this time, it is converted into an ordinary share on which the holder receives a dividend rather than interest}

Ordinary shares (eqиities)

• _{paid after preference shareholders}

• _{dividend directly depend on profits}

• _{largest risk}

• _{considerable voting rights (more control of the business)}

Blue chip shares

• _{in well-known companies with reliabIe and efficient management}

• _{carry less risk than other ordinary shares}

• _{Deferred shares} (founders shares)

• _{paid last of all what may be left over from the profits}

• _{strongest voting rights (often held by the people who started the company) and give more control over the firm and its directors}

Rights issue

• _{extra shares offered to existing shareholders at a price below that which they would fetch on the market}

• _{shareholders may sell their 'right' to buy these shares}

• _{are good investment (because of low cost)}

Unit Trusts – organizations that enable people with limited savings and little financial knowlege to invest in а wide range of stocks and shares without paying high Srock Exchаnge charges. The Trust managers offer Units for sale directly to the public: with the money received they buy shares in many companies and/or Government stocks.

Secured (mortgage debentures)

If a company cannot repay the loans debentures or pay the interest, the holders of secured debentures are automatically entitled to payment from the company's assets.

Unsecured (naked debentures)

Holders are not automatically repaid from the company's assets if the company is unable to pay in the usual way. can go to court to recover their money, but are not treated differently from the shareholders. An unsecured debenture is just a promise to repay a loan.

Registered

The holders of registered debentures are listed in a company register. These debentures can only be transferred in accordance with certain terms and conditions, and every transfer must likewise be entered into the register. The company can refuse a transfer, the person to whom the debenture was to be transferred can appeal against the decision.

Bearer (unregistered) - debenture which can be negotiated by just handing it over to the new holder. Redeemable срочные are repaid debentures on a fixed date or within a certain period, often at a higher price than the issue price.