2. Socially – political change in Muslim communities. On example: Germany

In Germany the second for number lives in Europe Muslim diasporas (3,4 million people, or 4% of the population). About 3/4 from them - natives of Turkey and their children, and only 5% - profits from Arab stran18. As well as in other European countries, immigrants appeared in Germany as cheap labor for rise in the German economy. By the beginning of the 70th years their number made 1 million people, and in 2005 this figure reached already 2, 6 million. Such growth of the Turkish population is caused by the high level of birth rate (2,3%), and also the right for reunion of families of those immigrants who did not want to return home (the law of 1980) . Since the end of the 70th years the new wave of ethnic immigrants began to arrive to Germany from "hot spots" - Afghanistan, Palestine, Kurdistan, Bosnia, Kosovo - in search of quieter life. The part of immigrants from Palestine and North Africa on arrival obtained the German citizenship, the others united in groups and associations.

The bulk of Muslims lives in the capital and the large cities - Frankfurt am Main, Cologne, Hamburg, and also in agricultural areas of the States of Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Bavaria, Northern the Rhine-western Westphalia, in the industrial region of Ruhr. So, in Berlin a half of youth till 20 years is made by Muslims.

The attitude towards immigrants in Germany was always under construction on economic base. Considering the principles of the organization of the state and finding of the civil status, it is rather difficult to obtain the German citizenship. It is considered as "award" for integration, the actual assimilation in the German society and acceptance of its way of life. Approach to immigrants can be expressed one phrase - "or get any job, or leave the country". Immigrants have to observe the constitution, adhere to norms and values of the society which accepted them, to know German and not to show special religiousness. It is focused on education level and knowledge of German. Therefore nationality is provided, first of all, to those who graduated from school, gained the diploma about vocational training or was trained within the appropriate federal programs. As a result of such policy position of the German Muslims in labor market appeared stronger, than in other European countries. According to Open Society institute, in the worst situation in Germany there are Turks unemployment rate among which reaches 23%, and they make 1/3 all bezrabotnykh19.

The integration model of Germany does not allow to obtain citizenship in the third generation and actually is segregation. In 2005 only 800 thousand from 2,7 million Turkish immigrants had German grazhdanstvo20. It aggravates a problem of adaptation to the German society and creates the soil for social tension and the organization of racist and neo-Nazi actions. The law adopted in January, 2000 facilitated access to obtaining nationality. Possibility of finding of nationality by the children of immigrants who were born in the territory of Germany is provided in it, in particular. However the statistics shows that process of naturalization tends to delay. It is caused by a variety of reasons: restrictions at issue of certificates on nationality to not ethnic Germans and their children, etc. 37,6% of immigrants consider as growth of anti-Muslim moods in the country that they are in a varying degree integrated into social and economic life of the country, and only 11% believe that they are integrated completely. Nearly a half of the Muslims living in Germany feels as the "strangers" rejected by indigenous people.

In spite of the fact that more than 700 thousand children of Muslim immigrants attend schools and study at universities, the majority of them is shown by bad results at examinations as generally were born in the agricultural regions of Germany and do not use German in everyday life. As a rule, to the graduates of schools who do not have the German nationality, access to the higher education is closed. Over 70% of the Muslim population only 12% - about university gained the diploma about secondary education and. In practice socio cultural alienation of immigrants who try to remain within the closed communities takes place, adhering to the cultural and religious traditions. However, the second and third generations of Muslims more feel the belonging to Germany. At the same time they understand that Islam is part of their heritage and want to get a religious education. According to the report of the federal Ministry of Internal Affairs of 2008, more than 85% of Muslims of Germany position themselves as believers, and the number visiting a mosque at least once in a week increased in 2000-2005 from 30, 7% to 41,6%. More than 90% of Muslims support introduction of lessons of studying of the Koran. Now the government of Germany allowed it to only one Muslim organization in Berlin - Islamic federation.

Since the end of the 90th years religious life of Muslims became more active. If in 1997 in Germany there were 26 mosques, in 2007 - nearly 100 and 2200 meeting-houses; at each of them there are schools on studying of the Koran which visit about 7% of children. The number of the indigenous Germans who accepted Islam (4 thousand people in 2004-2005) 22 grows.

Treat the main Muslim organizations of Germany: Central office of Muslims of Germany, Turkish and Islamic union, Islamic council of Germany, Union of the Islamic cultural centers. They unite 2,5 thousand Muslim communities and work under the auspices of Coordination council of Muslims of Germany. This structure develops positions of Muslims on various problems and lobbies their interests in the federal government, in particular, introduction of studying of Islam at the German schools. The Muslim community has the academy and the monthly newspaper issued for German-speaking Sufi diasporas - "Islamische Zeitung". Unlike France where natives of the Muslim countries are a little presented in business, Turks and other Muslims in Germany actively participate in business life: have big trading companies, are engaged in investment activity, create the production unions, for example, of MUSIAD in Cologne. Intra Muslim solidarity promotes it. An important role is played also by the unions of businessmen who try to expand a sphere of influence of Muslims on a business community of Germany. The German integration policy is directed on minimization of cultural distinctions unlike multiculturalism which offers peaceful co-existence of various cultures in one country and their integration without assimilation. As Germany is the federal state, the authorities of various lands can make certain changes to national policy in this area. For example, municipalities, the third level of the federal device of Germany, use the following principles: integration of immigrants and their children by means of various programs and structures (the French model), assimilation and pluralistic approach to integration and cultural merge (British).

However the imperfect mechanism of integration of Muslims into the German society, bad social and economic conditions (lack of housing, unemployment), on the one hand, and the segregations policy for Muslims pursued by the federal government, especially when obtaining nationality - with another, create the soil for growth of Islamic moods. Quite often intra communal life of Muslims is built according to laws of Sharia (polygamy), signs of religious attributes are used (hijabs). Compact accommodation of Muslims often leads to that indigenous Germans try to leave places in which there are similar communities. That is the tendency to emergence of the self-isolated Muslim enclaves is observed. Under the influence of certain forces, in particular the Union of the Islamic organizations of Europe, political activity of Muslims of Germany grows. Its purpose - to achieve strengthening of influence of immigrants on the country of residence. Unlike France where the former military personnel of the French army or natives of colonies who absorbed the western culture in Germany appeared the first immigrants often the first Muslim immigrants were, first of all, natives of rural areas who did not manage to find work in the cities of the country. Stay of immigrants in Germany was estimated and the accepting society, and Muslims as temporary. Both parties did not make any efforts to integration or simply cultural interaction. Such situation in Germany was complicated also by that the former country people of the Muslim countries badly imagined the western realities, the western way of life and, in effect, it was isolated from public life of Germans.

Growth of a Muslim community in Germany came, thus, as due to attraction of labor from the Muslim countries (since the beginning of the 1960th before 1980-x years), and thanks to refugees from the countries of the former Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, the Turkish and Iraqi Kurds, Iran (since 1980th years), and also Lebanon and Palestine.

Citizens of these countries were granted a political asylum according to Art. Economic growth of the middle of the 1950th years and shortage of working hands in Germany caused the necessity of signing of contracts with the Muslim countries on hiring of workers. The first such contract was signed with Turkey in 1961, then with Morocco in 1963 and Tunisia in 1965. According to the Center of researches of Turkey for 1995 about 2,3 million Muslims of Germany - the Turkish origin, about 400 - 500 thousand from them are made by Kurds. An ethnic Muslim community, the second of number, are the Bosnian Muslims - about 300 thousand. Further natives of Iran - about 120 thousand, Morocco - about 85 thousand, Afghanistan - about 70 thousand, Lebanon - about 60 thousand follow. The Muslim world is presented in Germany also by communities of natives of Tunisia, Jordan. Algeria, Pakistan and Iraq. Most dynamically in the 1990th years the Turkish, Kurdish and Afghan communities increased, also growth of number of natives of Iraq and Palestine is swept up. On the contrary, the community of Bosnians shows a tendency to reduction recently: if in the early nineties its number exceeded 300 thousand, by the present moment it was reduced to 260-250 thousand for the account both relative stabilization of a situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and outflow of the Bosnian Muslims to countries of Northern Europe - Denmark, Sweden, Finland.

Acquaintance of Germany to Islam happened mostly through cooperation with the Ottoman Empire, her ally in World War I. Republican Turkey kept communications with Germany, result of that there was a big stream of the Turkish labor in Germany within the official agreement signed with both countries in 1961. Nevertheless, officially Germany always refused to recognize itself the country of immigration, and the German citizenship was extremely difficult to obtain until recently. Germany paid attention to development and the structure of civil society. Cultural and religious actions are under authority of various federal lands which are also engaged in control of religious education at schools. The workers who arrived from Turkey hardly knew German, and it explains an essential difference between the population and immigrants, at least, at the beginning. Violence cases in relation to immigrants occurred in the territory of the former GDR in the 90th years of the XX century more often.

In Turkey the Turkish Islam of a kind of Islam not entering in official, ordered and practiced by Management on religious affairs are exposed to condemnation and can be separated as expression of national religion or even are forbidden. However such informal Turkish Muslim organizations were viable in Europe. Turkey presents itself at the same time and as the modern state where the religion - Islam - is separated from the state and as the state of the Turkish people united by the Turkish Islam. Actually there are Islamic and other organizations opposing modern control of the state over Islam. It is known that in Turkey also there are Alawites, Orthodox Christians of Antioch and Constantinople autocephaly which the state does not recognize.

Open emergence of the movements and the organizations which are under strong pressure from the state or forbidden in Turkey became the most noticeable initiative of Muslims in Germany. Such organizations as Suleymanla, Mile Gyuryush, Grey Wolves and Kaplan's followers, and also Alawites (Nusayrs) and some awards of dervishes, could prove freely in Germany, it is frequent to horror of the Turkish authorities. Besides the Turkish religious organizations, ethnic groups, such as Kurds whom (like Alawites) the Turkish state recognizes not fully, can speak also freely in Germany though they are forbidden to create the political organizations. As a result the Turkish-Kurdish conflict in east Turkey influenced the provision of a Muslim community in Germany and, perhaps, on the German domestic policy in relation to immigrants from Turkey. Adequately mentions and presence in Germany of an important Iranian Shiite community with a mosque and the cultural center in Hamburg, and also several sufiysky tarikat (awards), mostly the Turkish.

Turkish Muslim organizations in Germany are known for the high level of discipline and efficiency. Even, in spite of the fact that in them rather small part of the Turkish immigrants consists, they make powerful social groups. Recently these organizations took some steps to address to the population of Germany and to supply it with information on Islam, and also organized "Open Days" in mosques, for example, for school excursions.

Though most of the Turkish immigrants and, of course, Muslims, remain are faithful to the Turkish language, the number of the Muslims writing about Islam in German grows. It allows the German readers to neglect a language barrier; when teaching and ceremonies of Islam were conducted only in Turkish, there was a serious mistrust to Muslims.