- •1) I would like to review the following text.
- •9) To my mind this text is worth reading because it is informative, useful and can help me in my future profession.
- •1) I would like to review the following text.
- •9) To my mind this text is worth reading because it is informative, useful and can help me in my future profession.
- •1) I would like to review the following text.
- •2) It is not divided into paragraphs but it is well-structured. .
- •9) To my mind this text is worth reading because it is informative, useful and can help me in my future profession.
- •1) I would like to review the following text.
- •2) It is not divided into paragraphs but it is well-structured. .
- •9) To my mind this text is worth reading because it is informative, useful and can help me in my future profession.
- •9) To my mind this text is worth reading because it is informative, useful and can help me in my future profession.
- •1) I would like to review the following text.
- •2) It is not divided into paragraphs but it is well-structured. ( It is divided into 5 paragraphs).
- •9) To my mind this text is worth reading because it is informative, useful and can help me in my future profession.
- •1) I would like to review the following text.
- •2) It is not divided into paragraphs but it is well-structured. ( It is divided into 5 paragraphs).
- •Are rights of aliens regulated in Ukraine?
- •V. Legal Profession: Advocate.
- •VIII. Criminal procedure in the usa.
- •IX. Trial.
- •X. Jury and non-jury trial.
- •XI. Crimes and kinds of crimes.
9) To my mind this text is worth reading because it is informative, useful and can help me in my future profession.
p.335
1) I would like to review the following text.
2) It is not divided into paragraphs but it is well-structured. ( It is divided into 5 paragraphs).
3) The text deals with the problem of infractions in the USA.
4) First, the author defines infraction as a legal term.
5) Second, the text states that the main characteristic of infraction is that the punishment seldom includes any amount of imprisonment.
6) Next, the author marks that typically the only punishment of infraction is a fine.
7) Then, the text describes different types of infractions.
8) Besides, the author mentions that first time offences may be reduced to infractions.
9) To my mind this text is worth reading because it is informative, useful and can help me in my future profession.
p.337
1) I would like to review the following text.
2) It is not divided into paragraphs but it is well-structured. ( It is divided into 5 paragraphs).
3) The text deals with the problem of cybercrime.
4) First, the author defines cybercrime as one of the fastest-growing activities.
5) Second, the text explains that accurate statistics on the extent of cybercrime is difficult to get.
6) Next, the author divides cybercrime into 3 categories.
7) Then, the text describes what a computer hacking is.
8) Besides, the author marks that cyber stalking is a terrible threat facing people of online community.
9) To my mind this text is worth reading because it is informative, useful and can help me in my future profession.
p.245
1) I would like to review the following text.
2) It is not divided into paragraphs but it is well-structured. .
3) The text deals with the problem of jury trial in the USA.
4) First, the author states that 95 percent of all jury trials in the world take place in the USA.
5) Second, the text states that in criminal cases only the defendants can waive the right to a jury trial.
6) Next, the author marks that if the defendant waives a trial by jurors, a bench trial is held .
7) Then, the text defines bench trial.
8) Besides, the author mentions that in some court trials the court has an advisory jury.
9) To my mind this text is worth reading because it is informative, useful and can help me in my future profession.
p.251
1) I would like to review the following text.
2) It is not divided into paragraphs but it is well-structured. .
3) The text deals with the problem of teamwork of judge and jury in the USA.
4) First, the author defines the role of judge in deciding legal matters brought in court.
5) Second, the text states the functions of the trial judge in the USA.
6) Next, the author marks that in a criminal case The judge sentences a guilty defendant.
7) Then, the text defines the functions and the powers of a juror.
8) Besides, it should be noted that common sense and the willingness to pay attention are the only qualifications needed to be a successful juror.
9) To my mind this text is worth reading because it is informative, useful and can help me in my future profession.
Poзмовні теми:
I. Legal Profession: Investigator.
What is the investigator’s job?
The investigator’s job is to detect crimes, to disclose and expose persons guilty of them.
What rights does the investigator have in the process of fulfilling his duties?
The investigator has right to detain a person suspected of a crime. He may question citizens and officials as witnesses to the crime, and order an expert investigation. He may undertake other actions provided for by the criminal procedure code.
What is the main task of the investigator?
The main task of the investigator is to prepare the materials of the cases for court hearing.
What official document should the investigator draw up at the end of pretrial investigation?
At the end of the pretrial investigation of every criminal case the investigator should draw up the indictment and submit it to the procurator for approval.
II. Legal Profession: Judge.
Are judges independent?
The judges are independent and they must obey the law.
Who can become a judge in Ukraine?
A citizen of Ukraine, not younger than the age of twenty-five, who has a higher legal education and has work experience in the sphere of law for no less than three years, has resided in Ukraine for no less than ten years and has command of state language, may be recommended for the office of judge by the Qualification Commission of Judges.
Are judges elected or appointed?
The first appointment of a professional judge to office for a five-year term is made by the president of Ukraine. All other judges, except the judges of the Constitutional Court, are elected by the Verkhovna Rada for permanent terms.
What is the term of office of a judge?
Judges hold office for permanent terms, except judges of the Constitutional Court, and judges appointed to the office of judge for the first time.
What is the term of office of a Constitutional Court judge?
The term of office of a Constitutional Court judge is nine years.
III. Legal Profession: Procurator.
What are the main duties of the procurator?
The procurator has the right, and it is his duty, to appeal against all unlawful decisions and actions of state bodies and officials. Every citizen has the right to complain to the procurator concerning any violation of the law.
Who supervises the investigation of cases conducted by the Militia?
The procurator supervises the investigation of cases conducted by the Militia, and other state security bodies.
Who transfers the criminal case to the court?
After the investigation of a criminal case the procurator approves the indictment and transfers it to the court.
4) What are the functions of the procurator in the trial?
The procurator discharges important functions in the trial. In criminal cases he acts as the state prosecutor. He may question witnesses, take part in the investigation of evidence and submit fresh evidence in the court, challenge the members of the court. When the court investigation is over, he pronounces his final speech for the prosecution.
5) In what way does the procurator supervise the execution of judicial decisions?
The procurator has broad powers of supervision over the observance of legality in places of confinement. He verifies the legality of keeping persons in places of confinement. He ensures that the statutory regime rules and the rules of labour for convicted persons are observed. He supervises the state of educational work.
IV. Legal Profession: Notary.
Who can hold the office of notaries?
The office of notaries can be held by the citizens of Ukraine who have a higher legal education, and at least 6 months of work experience, have passed the qualification exam and received notary’s certificate.
Are the matters handled by the notary body kept secret?
Notaries keep secret all the operations done at the office. This concerns not only the content of the papers, but the very fact of application to the office as well.
What is the main task of the notary bodies in Ukraine?
The task of the notary bodies is to prevent various civil offences, to protect property rights and lawful interests of citizens, enterprises and organizations. They attest contracts, transactions and copies of documents, register hereditary rights and perform other notary actions provided for by the law. The owner has the right to do whatever he likes with this property – to sell it, give it away or bequeath it. Notary bodies certify such acts.