1. 1.История международных отношений и внешней политики России (1648-2000). М., 2003, с.15-28

2. История международных отношений и внешней политики ссср 1917-1987 гг. В 3-х тт. – м., 1986-1987, с.155-176

3. История дипломатии. В 5-ти тт. – м., 1959-1979, с.73-87

Lecture 4

Theme of the lecture: International relations in 30-60-s of the

XVIII c.

The objective of the lecture. Students should know the main events in Europe in the first half of XVIII c. and role of the European states in decision of diplomatic problems.

Outline of the lecture

5. War of the Poland succession (1733-1738)

6. War of the Austrian succession (1740-1748)

7. The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)

8. Treaty of Paris (1763)

The brief content of the lecture

Balance of power was the main principle of international relations. Three main conflicts were formed to the 40-s of the XVIII c.:

1. Between England and France for sea and colonial hegemony.

2. Between Austria and Prussia in Central Europe.

3. Between Russia and other states for confirmation on Baltic sea and going out to Black sea.

1. The main war of the 30-s of the XVIII c. were wars of the Poland Succession (1733-1738). After death of the Polish king August II (1733) two rivals claimed to the throne: Fredrick August - son of king and Stanislav Leshchinski. He was supported by France, because he was married to the daughter of the Louis XV, Maria. On November 24, 1733 Russian troops invaded to Poland and their control Fredrick August was declared a king of Poland (Fredrick III). In Answer to this invasion, France declared war to Austria. French navy was defeated by Russian fleet at Dantsig. After 5 years of military actions, Vienna treaty was concluded between Austria and France in 1738, in 1739 Russia, Poland and other states joined to them.

2. Charles VI died in 1740 and his daughter Maria Theresa (reigned 1740-1780), inherited the Austrian Hapsburg Empire. Fredrick the Great (reigned 1740-1786) had just inherited the Prussian throne from his father, Fredrick William I. In 1740 Fredrick suddenly invaded the Hapsburg territory of Silesia and England joined Austria against Prussia, Bavaria, France and Spain. In October, 1748 the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war and Prussia emerged as one of the Great Powers:

   • All members of treaty recognized Pragmatic sanction of Charles VI about heritage.

   • Prussia retained Silesia and doubled it’s population.

   • Spain and Sardinia received some territories in Italy.

   • France returned land of Austria, which were occupied in Netherlands.

   • England gained Madras in India and some territories in America.

3. In Europe, Austria sought to regain Silesia, with its important textile industry and rich deposits of coal and iron. Maria Theresa persuaded Louis XV of France to aid Austria in the war with Prussia. Russia, under Tsarina Elizabeth (1741-1762), joined the alliance. Great Britain provided Prussia with funds. Prussia was faced with fighting almost alone against three major powers of Europe: Austria, France and Russia.

Berlin was twice captured and partially burned by Russian troops. William Pitt the Elder (1708-1778) led the British to victory. The Royal Navy defeated both the French Atlantic and Mediterranean squadrons in 1759. The British captured French posts near Calcutta and Madras in India, and defeated the French in Quebec and Montreal.

In 1762 Elizabeth of Russia died, and her successor, Tsar Peter III, took Russia out of the war at a historically decisive moment.

4. According Treaty of Paris (1763):

   • France lost all possessions in the North America to Britain. In 1762 France had ceded to Spain all French claims west of the Mississippi river and New Orleans. France retained fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland and Martinique and Guadeloupe, sugar islands in the West Indies.

   • Spain ceded the Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Cuba, and received Western Louisiana, a few island in West-India, Senegal in Africa, All French colonies in India, and Minorca.

Paris Treaty confirmed all assignments between states from Westphalia Treaty.

Glossary

Emerge	появляться, возникать	Шығу,пайда болу
Heritage	наследие	Мұра
Retain	сохранять	Сақтау
Persuade	убеждать, уговаривать	сендіру

Tasks for IWS: Prepare information about Foreign policy of Peter I

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Ottoman Empire in the beginning of the XVIII c.”

Home tasks: write a short essay: “Polish problem in the XVII-XVIII cc.”

List of the reference on the theme: