II. Reading and comprehension

Exercise 5. Read and translate the following text:

Standards

Standard is any norm, convention or requirement. Depending on the sphere of their application, there exist many different types of standards in modern world. They are as follows:

1) Breed standard (also called bench standard) is found in animal fancy and animal husbandry;

2) Technical standard is an established norm or requirement about technical systems. It is usually a formal document establishing uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices. Technical standard is connected with

- International standards, which are suitable for worldwide use;

- Open standard, that is publicly available;

- Standards organization, an entity primarily concerned with maintaining standards;

- Standardization, the process of establishing technical standards;

- Standard operating procedure, a step-by-step instruction to achieve a desired result.

A technical standard may be developed privately or unilaterally, for example by a corporation, regulatory body, military, etc. Standards can also be developed by groups such as trade unions and trade associations. Technical standards may exist as:

- Public documents on the internet, public library, etc. (Some technical standards may be found at a major central library or at the library of a good technical university);

- Published documents available for purchase;

- Private documents owned by an organization or corporation, used and circulated as the owner determines necessary or useful;

- Documents publicly available under intellectual property (copyright, etc.);

- Closed or controlled documents that contain trade secrets or classified information.

3) Standard (in metrology) is an object that bears a defined relationship to a unit of measure used for calibration of measuring devices;

4) De facto standard means product or system with market dominance;

5) Internet standard, a specification ratified as an open standard by the Internet Engineering Task Force;

6) Learning standards, standards applied to education content;

7) Standard of care, the degree of prudence and caution required of an individual who is under a duty of care;

8) Gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of gold;

9) Standard language means a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status, etc.

So the term “standard”, in general, is any rule, norm or a body of rules or principles established as valid and fundamental in any field of human activity.

III. Grammar

Exercise 6. Find Infinitive in the text. Define its forms and functions.

IV. Text understanding

Exercise 7. Give definitions of the following words using the information from the text:

Standard, system, corporation, trade, intellectual property, to measure, copyright, to circulate.

Exercise 8. Match the columns. Find the right translation of the sentences. Give back translation from Ukrainian to English.

1. Breed standard is found in animal fancy and animal husbandry. 2. Standards organization is an entity primarily concerned with maintaining standards. 3. Technical standards may exist as published documents available for purchase. 4. De facto standard means product or system with market dominance. 5. Gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of gold.

1. Неофіційний стандарт означає продукцію або систему у домінуючому положенні на ринку. 2. Стандарт породи існує у тваринництві та скотарстві. 3. Золотий стандарт – це грошова система, в якій стандартна грошова одиниця розрахунку відповідає визначеній вазі золота. 4. Технічні стандарти можуть існувати як опубліковані документи доступні для покупки. 5. Організація зі стандартів – це союз, який в першу чергу пов’язаний із підтримкою стандартів.

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences. Use word-combinations given below. Translate the sentences.

1. An established norm or requirement about technical systems is … .

2. Standards suitable for worldwide use are called … .

3. An object that bears a defined relationship to a unit of measure used for calibration of measuring devices is referred to as … .

4. The degree of prudence required of an individual who is under a duty of care relates to … .

5. … a specification ratified as an open standard by the Internet Engineering Task Force.

6. A particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status is called … .

Standard (in metrology) standard of care technical standard international standards standard language Internet standard

Exercise 10. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a standard?

2. What are different types of standards in modern world?

3. What is technical standard connected with?

4. How can technical standards be developed?

5. What form may technical standards exist in?

6. What do learning, de facto and gold standards mean?