Exercises

EX.1. Complete the chart and translate the words. If necessary consult the dictionary.

Nouns	Verbs	Adjectives
	depend
precision	–
		directional
	displace	–
angle	–
(3 variants)	relate
		various
	apply
reference		–
(2 variants)	produce
precession		–
	develop	–
basis
freedom
	move	–
	compress
comparison
rotation
	read
frequency	–
	connect

EX.2. a) remember the words which have the same forms in different parts of

speech. Which are they: nouns – (n.), verbs – (v.), adjectives – (adj.)? The

first is given.

EX: measure (n.) – measure (v.);

subject (n.) – subject … ; reverse (adj.) – reverse … ; direct (v.) – direct … ; cause (n.) – cause … ; drift (v.) – drift … ; complete (v.) – complete … ; result (n.) – result … ; constant (n.) – constant … ; figure (n.) – figure … ; input (v.) – input … ; start (n.) – start …

1. which of these words have different stresses when being a noun and a verb?

2. which letter should be changed in the noun “effect” to make it a verb?

EX.3. Look through the text and find:

a) conditional sentences (6). Define their types. In which of the sentences is Subjunctive Mood used? Translate them;

b) a time clause. Why isn’t future tense used here? How will you translate the time clause? In which other types of clauses can’t we use future tense? Give some examples;

c) imperative constructions (2). What other ways of expressing suggestions and orders do you know? Do you know how to form a negative suggestion or order?

EX.4. In each of the following sentences find the predicate and define the tense of

the verb and the voice (Active or Passive). Fill in the table. Translate the

sentences.

1. At the same time the pickoff is generating a signal which is being applied to the torquer about the output axis. 2. The term threshold rate has been used here to describe the process. 3. The problem of relating one set of angles to another is usually referred to as coordinate transformation and is most often accomplished by using resolvers in conjunction with a simple computer. 4. If the antenna is being stabilized hermetic integrating gyros (HIGs) directly on the antenna structure correcting signals are commonly introduced through the HIGs torquer. 5. In some designs the pickoff and torquer have been combined into a single unit. 6. The roll gimbal is attached directly to the airframe, and is stabilized about the roll axis by the roll gyro motor. 7. With the signal at 0, the object has stopped rotating in space, or has been stabilized. 8. The resistance to the gimbal rotation depends directly upon the viscosity of the damping fluid and the velocity with which the gimbal rotates. 9. When the car turned, the precession torquers of the two gyros opposed each other. 10. This signal exactly as when the table was rotating in inertial space drives the servo motor. 11. The integrating gyro will probably require an amplifier between the pickoff and torquer, and temperature control will always be involved. 12. Many years ago, gyro compasses were built for the Navy. 13. We have been working with forces of extremely small magnitude.

EX.5. Define the type of Conditional Sentences and translate them correctly.

1. If we sum up bits of angular velocity over a time span, we get the total angle travelled. 2. Even if there were no angular velocity about the input axis the gimbal would rotate about the output axis and the output axis pickoff could not tell whether the gimbal displacement occurred from displacement about the input axis or from the electrical torquer. 3. If the table begins to rotate, the gyro sensing the rotation will begin to precess, resulting in an output signal. 4. If it were not for ground based navigation aids, only a few brave individuals would consider flying any distance. 5. If the air mass were also moving the ground speed might be quite different. 6. If we had used the simple accelerometer integrator scheme discussed so far, all we would have been able to do is find out the velocities and distances travelled along the flight path of the missile. 7. If the table is level or horizontal about the axis, there is no problem. 8. If we could find a way of monitoring the accelerations along each of these three inertially stabilized coordinates, we would know at any time, where the missile is in space. 9. If we simply mount the stable platform on the aircraft or missile and mount the accelerometers on each of the stabilized axes we can get outputs which will at all times show where our missile is in space. 10. Unless the test is being conducted at the North Pole, a gyro the pickup of which does not show an apparent drift is stuck or it is drifting opposite to the Earth’s rate.

EX 6. Find the verbs in Subjunctive Mood and translate the sentences.

1. For example, it may be necessary that the antenna be made to scan about some fixed line. 2. If you weigh 150 lbs on the Earth, you would weigh 4,184 lbs on the Sun, 57 lbs on Mars and 128 lbs on Venus. 3. Fig. 3 shows how this accelerometer system might be used to measure the distance travelled by an automobile travelling in a straight line. 4. The second platform is also gimballed so that its orientation could be modified as a result of heading and vehicle velocity. 5. There would be no Coriolis problem if the Earth were not rotating, but it is. 6. Suppose for a moment the Earth were not rotating. 7. At the rate of 0.01 deg/hr it would take more than 4 years to make 1 rev. 8. Ideally, the structure of the gyro is balanced so that all weights act as if they were concentrated on the point determined by the intersections of the spur axis, sensitive axis and output axis. 9. Preloading consists of applying constant forced pressure to the wheel structure, much the same as if there were a spring between the case and the wheel.

EX.7. For discussion.

1. Which types of gyroscopes belong to the group of displacement gyros?

2. What kind of a unit is a displacement gyro?

3. Explain: a gyro is a bilateral device.

4. What are the principal parts of a rate gyro?

5. Which relationship is the basis of a rate gyro?

6. Sketch a rate gyro and label the three axes.

7. Speak on the differences between displacement and rate gyros.

EX.8. Learn the words and word combinations from the text and check yourself.

Translate the phrases:

angular displacement, stabilized reference line, spring member, gimbal axis, torque output, random torque, pickoff reading, for some comparison, quadrature axis, bilateral device, gimbal angle, captive gyro, spin motor.

EX.6. Finish the following sentences without looking into the text:

1. Unwanted random drifts may affect …

2. The basis of the rate gyro is …

3. The gimbal rotates about the gimbal axis until the torque …

4. The vertical and directional gyros are commonly called …

5. If a pickoff is arranged to measure the gimbal angle the pickoff reading will be proportional to …

EX.10. Give definitions to the following notions:

the spin reference; the output axis; the sensitive axis; a displacement gyro; a rate gyro; a captive gyro.