In incised wounds we make revision of the wound and initial sur­gical treatment with restoration of anatomical structure of the soft orbit tissues.

Foreign body in the orbit makes the course of the traumatic process considerably complicated. Marked inflammatory oedema of the tissues, exophthalm and pus from the wound are evidence of possible wooden foreign body in the orbit.

To establish localization of the foreign body it is necessary to make X-ray examination or computer tomography, additional in­formation may be obtained in ultrasonic investigation including US scanning of the orbit.

After localization of the foreign body it is surgically removed by simple orbitotomy, magnets are used in magnet foreign bodies.

Fractures of the bone walls of the orbit are observed almost in half of cases of orbit traumas in peace time.

Treatment of fractures is given by ophthalmologist, neurosur­geon, otolaryngologist and dentist.

Early surgical treatment of the orbit wounds allows not only to eliminate cosmetic defect but also to restore patient's vision.

Wounds of Adnexa Oculi

Wounds of the eyelids may be perforating and nonperforating, with slightly torn edge, with partial or complete abruption at the internal or the external eye corner. Abruptions of the eyelids at the internal eye corner are especially dangerous, as ductules of the lacrimal gland become injured.

In surgical treatment one should always remember physiologi­cal and cosmetic role of the eyelids. Treatment should be performed at the microsurgical level. The line of eyelashes, the anterior and posterior eyelid ribs must be set precisely, the cartilage, muscular fascial layer and skin should be sutured separately. In such tech­nique the consequences of trauma may be quite invisible after fi­nal healing.

In rupture of the lacrimal ducts it is necessary to set the torn parts, restore their patency with the help of special ductile probes. After that the rupture edges are sutured. The probe is left for sev­eral days or replaced by a silicon tube. After treatment of the lac­rimal ducts the eyelid wound is sutured, the tube is removed in 3-4 weeks.

The eyelid wounds heal well, even in complete abruption, thanks to their plentiful blood supply.

Wounds of the Eyeball

Wounds of the eyeball may be nonpenetrating, penetrating and perforating. In especially severe traumas there may be destruction of the eye characterized by considerable injuries of all ocular mem­branes with complete loss of its content.

A nonpenetrating wound is a nonperforating injury of the cor­nea or sclera. As a rule, it does not cause severe complications and effects eye functions.

In penetrating wounds the object dissects all external membranes of the eye (sclera and cornea). It is a dangerous injury, as it may cause reduction of the visual functions of the eye up to absolute blindness and sometimes it may ruin the second, unhurt eye.

Perforating wounds differ from penetrating ones by two open­ings when the object pierces the membranes of the eyeball form­ing inlet and outlet openings.

Nonpenetrating Wounds of the Eyeball

Nonpenetrating wounds of the eyeball constitute about 70% of all injuries.

These superficial injuries or microtraumas may be due to blow of the tree branch, nail scratch, prick of cereals. In these cases su­perficial erosion of the epithelium occurs and traumatic keratitis may develop. More often superficial injuries are a result of for­eign bodies (a piece of coal, a hunk of stone, fine metallic foreign bodies, particles of animal and plant origin) which remain in the conjuctiva, sclera or cornea without piercing the capsule. We may observe photophobia, lacrimation, pericorneal infection because of irritation of a great number of nervous receptors of the trigeminal nerve located here.

All foreign body should be removed as their long stay, especial­ly on the cornea, may lead to such complications as traumatic kera­titis or purulent ulcer of the cornea. The superficial foreign bodies are removed at the outpatient clinic. Not infrequently they can be removed by wet cotton ball after putting drops of 0.25% dicaine so­lution. As a rule, however, foreign bodies inculcated into superficial and medium layers should be removed by special lance, channeled chisel or injection needle's end. In deeper localization of the foreign body because of danger of opening of the anterior chamber, it should be removed in the operating room under operating microscope. A metallic foreign body may be extracted from the cornea with the help of magnet, if necessary the superficial layers of the cornea are dissected over it. After removal of the foreign body we administer disinfecting drops, methylene blue with chinine (for improvement of the cornea epithelization), aseptic bandage for a day.

Foreign bodies from deep layers of the cornea especially on a single eye, must be removed only by ophthalmologists.