Unit III

Grammar: 1. Present, Past Perfect

2. Present Perfect Continuous

3. Adjectives and Adverbs (Revision)

Pre-reading exercises

Exercise I. Pronounce the following words:

century /'senCqrI/– сторіччя

climate /'klaImqt/– клімат

drought /draVt/– посуха

earth /E:T/– земля

hemisphere /'hemIsfIq/– півкуля

mankind /mxn 'kaInd/– людство

meteorological /"mJtIqrq 'lPGIkl/– метеорологічний

news /njHz/– новини

newspaper /'njHz "peIpq/– газета

organization /"LgqnaI 'zeISn/– організація

specialist /'speSlIst/– спеціаліст

warm /wLm/– теплий

Exercise II. Read the headline of the text. What words come to your mind related to this headline? What information do you expect to read?

Reading

Read closely the text; divide it into several logical parts and think of a suitable headline for each part:

Climatic forecast for the 21st century

Pollution is widely in the news nowadays and probably will be for a long time to come. Environmental problems appear in the newspapers almost daily.

According to scientific researches, the build-up of atmospheric C0₂ (carbon dioxide) has already raised the temperature in the northern hemisphere by 1.8°C since 1970 and will raise it by another 1-2°C in the near future. By 2050 the average annual temperature will be 3-4°C higher than it is now, which will gradually change the climate and the water balance. This forecast was made by a group of specialists at the Congress held in St. Petersburg. Later the World Meteorological Organization made the same forecasts at their conference in Austria. Scientists said that up till 2000 these climatic changes would not have great effect, however, they predicted that winter would become warmer and summer drier in the continental regions of Eurasia. The summer in the Arctic would become warmer, too, and the subtropical zone would stretch out northwards.

At the beginning of the 21^st century the climate will start changing on a wider scale. Rainfalls will increase in the northern areas and droughts will happen more often in the south. The specialists say that the rise in temperature calls for international cooperation to cope with the problems of water resources and planning in agriculture.

Text-based exercises

Exercise III. Replace the words in bold with their opposites:

a). raised	You soon get used to the little difficulties.
b). high	The Central Bank has lowered interest rates by 2 percent.
c). great	It is cold outside today.
d). dry	The sun was low in the sky.
e). warm	It’s going to be wet tomorrow.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Exercise IV. Match the terms with the following definitions. Choose from rainfall, environment, pollution, climate, weather forecast:

1. The process of making air, water and soil dirty is called …………….

2. The natural world in which people, animals and plants live is called …………….

3. Condition of the atmosphere at a particular location over a long period of time is called …………….

4. A description, for example on the radio or television, of what the weather will be like tomorrow or for the next few days is called …………….

5. The total amount of rain that falls in a particular area in a particular amount of time is called …………….

Exercise V. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:

1. What kind of problems appear in the newspapers almost daily?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

2. What problems will mankind face by 2050 year?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

3. What changes in earth’s climate will the carbon dioxide build-up bring to the northern hemisphere?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

4. When will these changes have great effect?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

5. How can mankind cope with these problems?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

Grammar exercises

Exercise VI. Define the tense-forms used in the following sentences and translate them:

1. After I had finished the inspection of the new engine I spoke to the engineer.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

2. We do not know what is good until we have lost it.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

3. They have in this paper discussed an approach to adaptive control.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

4. We had agreed on these matters long before we had chosen the field of our joint investigations.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

5. During recent years methods of measurements have changed considerably.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

Exercise VII. Identify the tenses; then match them to the correct descriptions:

I have written two letters this morning.	a).expressing anger, irritation or annoyance
Lisa has been writing letters all morning.	b).action which started in the past and continue up to the present
Someone has been making anonymous phone calls to our house.	c).action which started in the past and lasted for some time. The result of the action is visible in the present
Graham has known Errol for five years.	d).action which has happened within a specific time period which is not over at the moment of speaking
Mrs. Lyon is upset. Her students have been misbehaving since lunchtime.	e).to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present

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2.

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5.

Exercise VIII. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian and define the functions of the Adjectives or Adverbs:

1. The variational method provides a highly precise calculation.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

2. However, the problem still remains difficult.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

3. Our method interprets real symmetries correctly.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

4. The device is highly sensitive to noise.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

5. Both differences are positive.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

6. The speaker spoke quite loudly.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

7. The electric field has a three-dimensional structure.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

8. A statistical approach has recently proved valuable.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

Speaking task

Exercise IX. Look at the Pictures 2, 3 and try to describe the processes, which are happened there. You can use such words and word combinations:

Picture 2: incoming, infrared (IR) radiation, emit, surface, escape, space, greenhouse effect, radiate…

P icture 3: surface, ocean, breathable air, contain, layer, form, exist, crucial to life…

Picture 2. The Greenhouse effect and global warming

Picture 3. The biosphere of the Earth