Сослагательное наклонение

В отличие от изъявительного наклонения, обозначающего действие как факт, сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive Mood) выражает действие предполагаемое, желаемое или возможное при определенных условиях.

В русском языке сослагательное наклонение = глагол в прошедшем времени + бы.

Эта форма используется для настоящего, прошедшего и будущего. Союзы в условных придаточных предложениях:

if — если

unless — если … не

provided (providing) — (при условии) если

В английском языке употребляются несколько форм сослагательного наклонения.

I. Две синтетические формы:

1. Глагол в форме инфинитива, который используется во всех лицах настоящего, прошедшего и будущего времени, в придаточных предложениях с that, когда главное предложение выражает требование, решимость, рекомендацию и т.п

(to demand, to require, to insist, to suggest, to osk и т.п. + that …)

The authorities insist that everybody inform themselves of these rules.

Руководство настаивает на том, чтобы все ознакомились с этими правилами

2. Глагол в форме инфинитива, употребляется в устойчивых выражениях типа:

Come what may we will go ahead.	Чтобы ни случилось, мы не остановимся.
Be that as it may.	Будь что будет.

II. Аналитическая форма сослагательного наклонения представляет собой сочетание should с инфинитивом без частицы to. Эта форма используется в тех же придаточных предложениях, что и форма инфинитива (пункт I.1).

It is necessary that the car should be repaired by fomorrow.	Необходимо, чтобы машина была отремонтирована к завтрашнему дню.
He demanded that the car should be repaired by fomorrow.	Он потребовал, чтобы машина была отремонтирована к завтрашнему дню.

III. Форма сослагательного наклонения глагола to be — were для всех лиц единственного и множественного числа употребляется в условных предложениях, а также в придаточных предложениях после глагола to wish.

If she were with us now …	Если бы она сейчас была с нами …
He spoke with me as it I were deaf.	Он говорил со мной так, как будто я глухая.
I wish I were young again!	Как бы мне хотелось быть снова молодым!

В первом примере возможно употребление was. Это характерно для разговорной речи.

Употребление форм изъявительного или сослагательного наклонения в условных предложениях (табл. )

Условие	Тип предлож.	Структура сложноподчиненного предложения
Реальное условие в настоящем, прошедшем, будущем временах	Zero type (нулевой тип)
					Present	+	Present
					Past	+	Past
			If you press this button the engine stops.				Если вы нажмете на эту клавишу, двигатель остановится.
			If the weather was good, we went skiing.				Если погода была хорошая, мы катались на лыжах.
	Fist type (первый тип)
					Present	+	Future Will + infinitive без «to»
			If she rinds this evening, I will let you know.				Если она позвонит сегодня вечером, я дам вам знать.
Маловероят-ное или нереальное условие в настоящем или будущем	Second type (второй тип)
				Past Indefinite		+	Would + Indefinite infinitive без «to»
		What would you do, if you became President?					Что бы вы сделали, если бы вы стали президентом.
Нереальное условие в прошлом	Third type (третий тип)
				Past Perfect		+	Would + Perfect Infinitive
		If I hadn’t seen her, she would have drowned.					Если б я не увидел её, она бы утонула.

Условные предложения первого типа

It you wait for me, we shall go there together.

He will not finish his work in time unless you help him.

We shall start out at 7 sharp provided everybody comes in time.

Условные предложения второго типа

It he were here, he would (-‘d) let us know.

Условные предложения третьего типа

It the weather conditions had been favourable, the construction of the bridge would have been completed in time.

If it had’n t been for you, we’d never had got there on time.

I ‘d ‘ve come at once, if only you ‘d rung me.

Инверсия в условных придаточных предложениях

В условных придаточных предложениях второго и третьего типа союзы if, provided могут быть опущены. В этом случае в придаточном предложении вспомогательный глагол could, had, were ставится перед подлежащим:

Had the engine been repaired yesterday, we should have left the port.	Если бы двигатель был отремонтирован вчера, мы бы покинули порт.
Were there any letters from him, his sister would telephone me.	Если бы от него были письма, его сестра позвонила бы мне.

Упр. 1. Прочитайте и переведите:

1. If you're tired, have a rest.

2. We agree to make some changes if you find it necessary.

3. The discussion won't take long if everybody keeps to the point.

4. If it doesn't rain, we'll go to the country.

5. I'd change my plans if it depended on me alone (I would change my plans...).

6. You'd feel much better if you gave up smoking (You would feel much better...).

7. I can let you know tomorrow. Would that suit you?

8. We wouldn't suggest it if we didn't find it absolutely necessary.

9. I'd drive faster, if the road weren't so bad.

10. If I were you, I wouldn't waste so much time on it.

11. We could stay in the country longer if the weather weren't so changeable.

12. If we caught a taxi now, we might get there in time.

13. I'd be very happy if you could come and stay with us.

14. If I'd known he was ill, I'd have visited him (If I had known ... I would have visited...).

15. If I'd had enough money then, I'd have bought the picture (If I had had ... I would have bought...).

16. We wouldn't have wasted so much time yesterday if everybody had come in time.

17. If all the documents had been in order we could have signed the contract yesterday.

18. If he'd seen the doctor at once, he might have done without an operation.

19. If I were you, I would've followed his example.

20. If I were you, I wouldn't have given up music.

Упр. 2. Прочитайте вслух и переведите:

a. 1 . You'd make better progress if you worked harder.

2. I'd do it all myself if I had more time.

3. I'm sure everybody would keep to the point if we set them a stricter time limit.

4. I'd be very happy if we arranged it all ourselves without giving any trouble to other people.

5. You wouldn't have so much trouble with your car if you didn't let other people use it so often.

6. If he agreed to speak at the conference, we'd all be very happy.

7. It would be very convenient for me if we could put off our appointment till next Thursday.

b. 1. They'd agree to pay more for the equipment if it were more upto-date.

2. We'd buy more of these sets if your prices weren't so high.

3. If I were you, I wouldn't do it.

4. If I were him, I'd think twice before giving a definite answer.

5. The road's so icy! I'd be especially careful at the wheel if I were you.

6. I wouldn't be surprised if they didn't agree with us.

7. I shouldn't be surprised if he were late again.

Упр. 3. Соедините два высказывания в одно, как показано в образце:

Дано: You don't look after your car, and that's the reason it gives you so much trouble.

Tpe6yeтся: If you looked after your car, it wouldn't give you so much trouble.

1. He eats too much, that's why he's fat.

2. I can't help you to settle the matter, because it doesn't depend on me alone.

3. The weather's so awful! We won't go to the country for the weekend.

4. My car's out of order. I can't give you a lift.

5. Not everybody's here, so we can't get down to business yet.

6. They don't keep to the point. We waste too much time.

7. I'm ill, I’ll have to put off our appointment.

Упр. 4. Придумайте продолжение:

1. I'd be very sorry if you ....

2. I shouldn't be surprised if....

3. I wouldn't give you so much trouble if the matter...

4. If you gave up smoking, you ....

5. If I were you, I....

6. It wouldn't do him any harm if he....

7. You'd make better progress in your English if you.

8. They might agree to our suggestions if we....

9. It would do you a lot of good if....

10. Do you mind if I....

11. If I were rich, I....

Упр. 5. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Всем было бы очень удобно, если бы мы перенесли нашу встречу на следующий понедельник.

2. Я бы предложил ничего не менять.

3. Мы не причиняли бы вам столько беспокойства, если бы дело не было таким важным.

4. Если бы это зависело от нас, мы бы начали работу немед­ленно (сразу).

5. Он бы справлялся с этим, если бы у него был помощник.

6. Я бы предпочел не откладывать это на следующую неделю.

7. На вашем месте я бы бросил курить.

8. На его месте я бы имел дело с более надежными партнерами.

9. Я бы занялся этой проблемой сам, если бы у меня было достаточно времени.

Упр. 6. Прочитайте вслух и переведите:

1. Nothing would've happened if you'd followed the instructions.

2. I wouldn't have cancelled the appointment if I hadn't fallen ill.

3. We'd have managed to do more if we'd begun earlier.

4. We'd have contacted them long ago if someone had told us that it was necessary.

5. I'd have arranged everything myself if you'd asked me in good time.

6. We'd have stayed there longer if the weather hadn't changed.

7. Wouldn't you have agreed if you were me?

8. If I were you, I wouldn't have believed it.

9. Believe me, if I'd had at least five free minutes to talk to you yesterday, I'd have done so.

Упр. 7. Заполните пропуски глаголами в соответствующей видо-временной форме:

1. They would be rather offended if I didn't go___to see them (not/go).

2. If you took more exercise, you would, feel better, (feel).

3. If I was offered the job, I think I ______________________ it (take).

4. I'm sure Amy will lend you the money. I'd be very surprised if she _______________________ (refuse).

5. If I sold my car, I ___________________________ much money for it (not/get).

6. A lot of people would be out of work if the factory_____________ (close down).

7. What would happen if I __________________________ that red button? (press).

8. Liz gave me this ring. She _______________________ very upset if I lost it (be).

9. Mark and Carol are expecting us. They would be disappointed if we _________

(not/ come).

10. Would Tim mind if I _____________ his bicycle without asking him? (borrow).

11. If somebody ______________ in here with a gun, I'd be very frightened (walk).

12. I'm sure Sue ______________ if you explained the situation to her (understand).

Упр. 8. Задайте вопрос своему другу.

Начните с «What would you do if... ?»

1. (Maybe one day your friend will win a lot of money).

What would you do if you won a lot of money?

2. (Your friend's car has never been stolen but perhaps one day it will be).

What ______________________________________________________

3. (Perhaps one day your friend will lose his/her passport).

4. (There has never been a fire in the building).

Упр. 9. Ответьте на вопросы так, как показано в образце:

1. a) Shall we catch the 10.30 train?

b) No. (arrive / too early) If we caught the 10.30 train, we’d arrive too early.

2. a) Is Ken going to take the examination?

b) No. (fail) If he ______________________________________________

3. a) Why don't we stay at a hotel?

b) No. (cost too much money) If __________________________________

4. a) Is Sally going to apply for the job?

b) No. (not / get it) If ___________________________________________

5. a) Let's tell them the truth.

b) No. (not/ believe us) If _______________________________________

6. a) Why don't we invite Bill to the party?

b) No. (have to invite his friends too) ________________________________

Упр. 10. Закончите предложения:

1. If you took more exercise, you'd fee better

2. I'd feel very angry if _____________________________________________

3. If I didn't go to work tomorrow, ____________________________________

4. Would you go to the party if _______________________________________

5. If you bought some new clothes, ____________________________________

6. Would you mind if _______________________________________________

Упр. 11. Заполните пропуски глаголами в соответствующей видо-временной форме:

1. If I knew his number, I would phone him (know).

2. I wouldn't buy that coat if I were you (not/buy).

3. I _____________________________you if I could, but I'm afraid I can't (help).

4. We would need a car if we _________________________ in the country (live).

5. If we had the choice, we ___________________________in the country (live).

6. This soup isn't very good. It _______________better if it wasn't so salty (taste).

7. I wouldn't mind living in England if the weather ________________ better (be).

8. If I were you, I ____________________(not/wait). I _____________ now (go).

9. You're always tired. If you __________________ to bed so late every night, you wouldn't be tired all the time (not/go).

10. I think there are too many cars. If there _____________ so many cars (not/be).

There ____________________ so much pollution (not/be).

Упр. 12. Напишите предложения, начинающиеся с If … для каждой ситуации:

1. We don't visit you very often because you live so far away.

If you didn't_: live so far away, we'd visit you more often. _

2. He doesn't speak very clearly-that's why people don't understand him.

If he _________________ more _______________, people__________________

3. That book is too expensive, so I'm not going to buy it.

If the book ________________, I ______________________________________

4. We don't go out very often because we can't afford it. ____________________

5. It's raining, so we can't have lunch in the garden. ________________________

6. I have to work tomorrow evening, so I can't meet you. ____________________

Упр. 13. Напишите предложения, начинающиеся с I wish... :

1. I don't know many people (and I'm lonely). I wish I knew more people.

2. I don't have a key (and I need one). I wish ____________________________

3. Ann isn't here (and I need to see her). _________________________________

4. It's cold (and I hate cold weather). ____________________________________

5. I live in a big city (and I don't like it). _________________________________

6. I can't go to the party (and I'd like to). _________________________________

7. I have to work tomorrow (but I'd like to stay in bed). _____________________

8. I don't know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down). ________

9. I'm not lying on a beautiful sunny beach (and that's a pity). ________________

Упр. 14. Напишите предложения, начинающиеся с I wish ..., используя данные подсказки:

1. (Somewhere you'd like to be now — on the beach, in New York, in bed etc).

I wish I ___________________________________________________________

2. (Something you'd like to have — a computer, a job, lots of money etc). _______

3. (Something you'd like to be able to do — sing, speak a language, fly etc). _____

4. (Something you'd like to be — beautiful, strong, rich etc). __________________

Упр. 15. Заполните пропуски глаголами в соответствующей видо-временной форме:

1. I didn't know you were in hospital. If Id known (I/know), I would have gone (I/go) to visit you.

2. Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If ________________________

(he/miss) it, _________________________________ (he/be) late for his interview.

3. It's good that you reminded me about Ann's birthday _______________ (I/forget) if ______________________________ (you/not/remind) me.

4. Unfortunately, I didn't have my address book with me when I was in New York. If ____________ (I/have) your address, _______________(I/send) you a postcard.

5. a) How was your holiday? Did you have a nice time?

b) It was OK, but ________ (we/enjoy) it more if _____ (the weather/be) better.

6. I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was very bad ____________ (it/be) quicker if _________________________________ (I/walk).

7. I'm not tired. If ____________________________ (I/be) tired, I'd go home now.

8. I wasn't tired last night. If ________(I/be) tired, I would have gone home earlier.

Упр. 16. Напишите предложения, начинающиеся с If … для каждой ситуации:

1. I wasn't hungry, so I didn't eat anything.

If I'd. been hungry, I would have eaten something.

2. The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly.

If the driver in front _________________________________________________

3. I didn't know that George had to get up early, so I didn't wake him up.

If I _______________________________________________________________

4. I was able to buy the car only because Jim lent me the money. ______________

5. Margaret wasn't injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt. _____

6. You didn't have any breakfast — that's why you're hungry now. _____________

7. I didn't get a taxi because I didn't have any money on me. __________________

Упр. 17. Напишите предложения, начинающиеся с I wish ...

1. You've eaten too much and now you feel sick.

You say: I wish I hadn't eaten so much

2. There was a job advertised in the newspaper. You decided not to apply for it. Now you think that your decision was wrong.

You say: I wish I __________________________________________________

3. When you were younger, you didn't learn to play a musical instrument. Now you regret this.

You say: _________________________________________________________

4. You've painted the gate red. Now you think that it doesn't look very nice.

You say: _________________________________________________________

5. You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs but you didn't bring your camera.

You say: _________________________________________________________

6. You have some unexpected guests. They didn't tell you they were coming. You are very busy and you are not prepared for them.

You say (to yourself): _______________________________________________

Упр. 18. Закончите предложения, используя would + одно из следующих слов в правильной форме: be, de, enjoy, enjoy, phone, stop:

1. They helped me a lot. I don't know what I would have done without their help.

2. You should go and see the film. You ________________________________ it.

3. It's a pity you couldn't come to the party last night. You _________________ it.

4. I ___________________________ you last night but I didn't have your number.

5. Why don't you go and see Clare? She _______________very pleased to see you.

6. I was in a hurry when I saw you. Otherwise I ______________________ to talk.

Упр. 19. Напишите предложения, используя слово promised:

1. I wonder why she's late. She promised she wouldn't be late.

2. I wonder why Tom hasn't written to me. He promised _____________________

3. I'm surprised they didn't wait for us. They ______________________________

4. Why did you tell Jill what I said? You _________________________________

Упр. 20. Что вы скажете в этой ситуации?

а) Напишите предложение, которое начинается с «I wish...would...».

1. It's raining. You want to go out, but not in the rain.

You say: I wish It would stop raining.

2. You're waiting for John. He's late and you're getting impatient.

You say (to yourself): I wish _________________________________________

3. You can hear a baby crying and you're trying to study.

You say: _________________________________________________________

4. You're looking for a job — so far without success. Nobody will give you a job.

You say: I wish somebody ___________________________________________

5. Brian has been wearing the same clothes for years. You think he needs some new clothes. You say (to Brian): ________________________________________

b) А для этих предложений напишите отрицательные предложения с «I wish ... wouldn't ...».

6. Your friend drives very fast. You don't like this.

You say (to your friend): I wish you ___________________________________

7. Jack always leaves the door open. This annoys you.

You say (to Jack): __________________________________________________

8. A lot of people drop litter in the street. You don't like this.

You say: I wish people ______________________________________________