Two Types of Land Use Planning

Land use planning is based on understanding of land as the main means of production, the object of social and economic communica­tions and as part of a natural complex. It can be considered in 2 ways: as a science and as a system of special activities (land use planning).

Land use planning as a science studies laws of functioning and man­agement of land use as an object of using nature, as a general means and industrial basis of manufacture, as an object relation between land-legal and nature protective problems.

Land use planning as a system of activities can be defined as a com­plex of state and individual actions for realization of the land legisla­tion, regulation of land relations, creation of social and economic, territorial and organizational conditions for economically and ecologi­cally utilizing the land areas and other objects of the real estate. It must be implemented in according to the common economic mechanism.

The purpose of landuse planning is arrangement and exploitation of land resources of the regions, separate fended properties and land uses.

Therefore it is based on theoretical and methodologies positions of ad­jacent fields of knowledge, such, as land law, land cadastre, land rela­tions, agriculture, land improvement, ecology, computer science, etc.

Two basic kinds of land use planning are known: local and interfarm, each of which solves the tasks by their own specific ways (except for topographical, cartographical and other researches and tests).

Local land use planning is one of the definite site. It allows to re­ceive operation designs with estimation of site development on the basis of detailed topographical, geobotanical and other researches. The pur­pose of local land use planning is to increase efficiency of farming sites as well as their arrangement and protection. It introduces resource con­servation technologies of crops cultivation, establishes obligatory soilprotective actions, etc.

Interfarm land use planning differs from the local one. The object of interfarm land use planning is using of land or land property as a whole.

For each kind of land use planning there is a certain set of the com­ponents. They include the decisions which are made out as concrete projects. These components may consist of a number of interconnected elements.

Exercise 9.Make up the nouns from the following verbs.

Depend, improve, operate, direct, measure, consider, compose, ar­range, participate, manage.

Exercise 10. Fill in the gaps with estimation, used, administrative, conducts, responsible.

1. Land use planning is financed by ... bodies. 2. A land use planner ... topographical and geodetic works. 3. Maps and atlases are ... by spe­cialists. 4. A land use planner is ... for revealing unused lands. 5. ... of resources is the main task of a land use planner.

Exercise 11. Make up the questions:

1. Bodies of the government are the customers of land use planning work. 2. The state guarantees equal rights and protection for citizens.

3. Maintenance of steady landscapes is obligatory for all proprietors.

4. Local land use planning allows to receive operation designs. 5. A land use planner estimates development of a site.

Exercise 12. Write three forms of the following verbs:

То be, to have, to begin, to provide, to go, to increase, to direct, to change, to till, to depend, to own, to define, to arrange.

Exercise 13. Translate following sentences into English:

1. В России существуют основные направления землеустрои­тельных работ. 2. Разработка землеустроительных документов связана с оценкой земли. 3. Этнические группы используют и сохраняют свою землю. 4. Землеустройство — это правильная ор­ганизация земельных ресурсов. 5. Компьютеры широко использу­ются в землеустройстве. 6. Землеустроители решают топографи­ческие и картографические вопросы каждый день. 7. Законода­тельные и правовые акты определяют правильное использование земель. 8. Пользователи земли и собственники участвуют в земле­устроительной работе.

Exercise 14.Retell the text.

GRAMMAR:GERUND

Герундий (Gerund)— неличная форма глагола, которая имеется в английском, но отсутствует в русском языке.По своим функциям герундий совпадает во многом с инфинитивом, т. е. также имеет функции и существительного, и глагола.

Функции существительного у герундия следующие:

1) Герундий может быть подлежащим в предложении:

EXAMPLE: Talking with you is a real pleasure.

2) Герундий может быть в предложении прямым или предложным дополнением:

EXAMPLE: We like playing tennis.

3) Герундий может быть в предложении предикативным членом (именной частью составного сказуемого):

EXAMPLE: Her task was looking after small children.

Наряду с функциями существительного герундий имеет также и глагольные функции:

1) После герундия может стоять прямое дополнение:

EXAMPLE: After signing this document, the secretary went away.

2) Герундий определяется наречием:

EXAMPLE: I don't like walking slowly.

3) Герундий может быть частью сложного сказуемого:

EXAMPLE:The boy started running to the river.

Так же, как и инфинитив, герундий имеет временные глагольные формы: