The Song of the Engine

With snort and pant the engine dragged

Its heavy train uphill,

And puffed these words the while she puffed

And laboured with a will:

(Very slowly)

‘I think – I can – I think – I can,

I’ve got – to reach – the stop,

I’m sure – I can – I will – get there,

I simply must – not stop!’

(More quickly)

At last the top was reached and passed,

And then – how changed the song!

The wheels all joined in the engine’s joy,

As quickly she tore along!

(Very fast)

‘I knew I could do it, I knew I could win,

Oh, rickety rackety rack!

And now for a roaring rushing race

Oh my smooth and shining track!’

H.Worsley-Benison

U N I T 10

Grammar: Subjunctive Mood

Three Types of Conditional Sentences

Emphasis

Inversion

Compound Conjunctions

Compound Prepositions

Text: The Future of Rail Transportation

Supplementary text A: Four Eurasian Corridors

Supplementary text B: Russia Proposes Bering Strait Tunnel

Reading rules

A a	[ɒ]	після w, qu у закритому складі	watch, quality
	[O:]	після w, qu у закритому складі перед r	war, quarter
	[O:]	перед l + приголосний	call , also , fall
	[O:]	у сполученні з u	autumn
	[O:]	перед w	law , saw

Exercise 1 Read the following words.

quantity	quarter	always	auction	paw
quality	warp	tall	bauxite	draw
watch	warn	false	August	awful
wasp	warm	small	cause	awkward
want	warning	hall	because	saw
wash	ward	bald	fault	raw
wand	reward	salt	auto	flaw
watt	war	already	Paul	lawn

X x	[gz]	перед наголошеним голосним	exam, exist
	[ks]	в інших випадках	box, next

Exercise 2 Read the following words.

Example, except, expect, exact, exhibit, excellent, text, six, fix, tax, excuse, affix, axes, axe, fix, exam, index, Duplex, complex, fix, wax, exaggerate.

Grammar Subjunctive Mood

(Умовний спосіб)

Subjunctive Mood показує, що дія вважається не як реальний факт, а як бажана, припущена, умовна, або не відповідає реальності. Існує чотири основні форми утворення Subjunctive Mood:

1. would + infinitive

I would tell you if I knew. – Я би тобі розказав, якби знав.

2. should + infinitive

It’s necessary that he should go there. – Необхідно, щоб він туди пішов.

3. Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.

He looks as if he won a million. – Він виглядає, нібито виграв мільйон.

She wishes she had gone to university. – На жаль, вона не пішла до університету.

4. Infinitive без частки to

They recommended that he continue the experiment. – Вони рекомендували йому продовжити експеримент.

It is necessary that the engine be light and efficient. – Необхідно, щоб двигун був легкий та ефективний.

Вживання Subjunctive Mood

В умовних реченнях	If he were not busy now, he would do it. – Якщо він не був би таким зайнятим, він зробив би це.
У зворотах: it is necessary (essential, important etc.) that smb (should) do smth	It is necessary that he be there tomorrow. – Необхідно, щоб він був там завтра.
В додаткових реченнях після дієслів suggest – пропонувати, demand – вимагати, order – наказувати, insist – наполягати та ін.	They suggested that we (should) meet in the park. – Вони запропонували, що ми зустрінемося у парку. I insist that the boy (should) stay at home. – Я наполягаю на тому, щоб хлопчик залишився вдома.
Після порівняльних сполуч-ників as if, as though – нібито	She loved him as if he were her own son. – Вона кохала його, нібито він був її сином.
Після сполучників so that – для того щоб, lest – щоб не.	I want to put down your address lest I should forget it. – Я хочу записати вашу адресу, щоб не забути.
Після дієслова wish – бажати, та сполучення if only – якби (тільки)	I wish I spoke French. – Як би мені хотілось говорити французькою. I wish you hadn’t said that. – На жаль, ти це сказав. If only I knew more people! – Якби ж я знав більше людей!
Для висловлення припущення або побажання (would, should, might)	It would be very nice of you. – Це було б дуже мило з Вашого боку. Atomic energy might be used for this purpose. – Атомна енергія могла б використатися для цих цілей.
У лозунгах та закликах	Long live peace in the whole world! – Хай буде мир у всьому світі! Be it so! – Хай так буде!

Exercise 3 Translate the sentences.

1. I wish I were an astronaut. 2. Send him a telegram so that he should be able to arrive in time. 3. He demanded that the money should be paid at once. 4. He insisted that I should accompany her. 5. It is necessary that you should go there at once. 6. I wish I was better looking. 7. If only I knew more people! 8. Now she wishes she had gone to university. 9. I’ve bought a chicken in case your mother stays for lunch. 10. Our advice is that the company invest in new equipment. 11. It is important that Helen be present when we sign the papers. 12. It was essential that James should write to his uncle as soon as possible.

Exercise 4 Express the same using the Subjunctive Mood. Do this in two ways, one with the Infinitive and one with should.

Model: ‘Why don’t you study math at evening class?’ she said to him.

She suggested that he study math at evening class.

She suggested that he should study math at evening class.

1. ‘Let’s finish the meeting on time,’ he said to them. He proposed ... 2. ‘If I were you, I’d have the beef,’ said the waiter. The waiter recommended ... 3. ‘The minutes of the meeting must be read,’ said the Chairperson. The Chairperson insisted ... 4. The contract must be signed by all parties. It is important ... 5. The candidates must have a thorough medical examination. It is essential ... 6. ‘I would like a full inquiry to take place,’ said the Prime Minister. The PM requested ...

Wishing about the Present and Past

PRESENT FACTS	WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT
I’m small. – Я маленький. I can’t ski. – Я не вмію кататися на ковзанах. We live in the city. – Я живу в місті.	I wish I wasn’t small. – На жаль що я маленький. (Як би мені хотілося не бути маленьким.) If only I were taller. – Якщо б я тільки був вищий. I wish I could ski. – Як би мені хотілося вміти кататися на ковзанах. We wish we lived in the country. – На жаль ми не жили в пригороді. If only we didn’t live in the city. – Якщо б ми тільки жили у пригороді.
PAST FACTS	WISHES ABOUT THE PAST
I wasn’t happy at school. – Я не був щасливим у школі. He didn’t pass his driving test. – Він не здав іспит на права.	I wish I had been happy at school. – На жаль, я не був щасливим у школі. If only I’d gone to a different school. – Якщо б я тільки пішов у іншу школу. He wishes he’d passed his test. – На жаль він не здав іспит на права.

Exercise 5 Change the following sentences using I wish.

Model: It s a pity you are ill. – I wish you were not ill.

1. Unfortunately they won’t return before Christmas. 2. The student was sorry he had not studied the material better and had shown such poor knowledge at the examination. 3. It’s a pity that you did not send for us last night. 4. It is a pity you are not with us these days. 5. My friend regrets not having entered the university. 6. He was sorry not to have had enough time to finish his test paper. 7. It’s a pity we won’t be able to reach home before teatime. 8. I am sorry I made you upset by telling you this news. 9. What a pity you don’t know enough physics!

Exercise 6 Put the beginnings and ends together, using I wish + Past Perfect.

Model: I wish I’d been nicer to my sister when we were kids.

BEGINNINGS	ENDS
(choose) (do) more travelling (go) to (go) to bed earlier (not get married) (not tell) him (save) money (study) (take better care of)	a better school. a different career. harder at the university. last night. my teeth. the truth. when I had the chance. when I was eighteen. when I was earning a good salary.

Exercise 7 Say what you would rather do in the following situations.

Model: If you are thirsty, would you rather have a hot drink or a cold drink? – I’d rather have a cold drink.

1. If you could choose between travelling by plane or by train, which would you rather do? 2. What do you want to watch on TV, the news or the football match? 3. In a restaurant you have to choose between mashed potatoes or French fries. 4. If you were free to choose what would you become: an actor or an engineer? 5. How would you prefer to go to Germany: by plane or by high-speed train? 6. What do you like to read: a science fiction or a horror story?

Exercise 8 Translate the following sentences using I wish.

1. Як би мені хотілося бути зараз на півдні. 2. Як би мені хотілося бути зараз у молодіжному центрі. 3. На жаль, я тоді не встиг відвідати моїх рідних. 4. На жаль, я не переклав цю статтю минулого тижня. 5. На жаль, я не подзвонив Вам учора. 6. На жаль, я не маю можливості поїхати у круїз навколо світу. 7. На жаль, у мене не було квитка у середу. 8. На жаль, я не зміг зателефонувати моїм батькам учора. 9. Як би мені хотілося злітати на інші планети. 10. Як би мені хотілося побувати на міжнародному чемпіонаті з тенісу.