What is theoretical mechanics?

Learn the following words and word combinations by heart:

according to action reciprocal ~ retarding ~	в соответствие с…,согласно чего-либо действие, воздействие взаимодействие тормозящее, замедляющее действие
associated with apply to artillery projectile assume	связанный с… применить к … артиллерийский снаряд предполагать, полагать
be subdivided into	подразделяться на
body deformable ~ plastic ~ rigid (solid ) ~ condition of equilibrium	тело деформируемое тело пластическое тело твердое тело состояние, условие равновесия
confront the engineer with the problem	ставить перед инженером задачу
constitutе	составлять
cover	покрывать, охватывать
deal with	иметь дело с…
design and calculation of specific structures	конструирование и расчет специфических конструкций, сооружений
despite the diversity involve	несмотря на разнообразие включать , вовлекать
law derived from experience	закон, выведенный из опыта
locomotion	перемещение
mechanical interaction	механическое взаимодействие
mechanics	механика
~ of rigid body air (flow) ~	механика твердого тела аэродинамика, аэромеханика
applied ~	прикладная механика
celestial ~	небесная механика
engineering ~	теоретическая механика
fluid ~	механика жидкостей и газов, гидромеханика
motion and equilibrium of materials	движение и равновесие материалов
mutual interaction	взаимодействие
namely	а именно, то есть; именно
neglect	не учитывать, не принимать во внимание, пренебрегать
occur in the course of time	происходить с течением времени
theory of plasticity and elasticity	теория пластичности и упругости (эластичности)
treat (of) the problem	рассматривать проблему
reflect relative displacement	отражать относительное перемещение
space	пространство
structural design subject to	проектирование конструкций , строительное проектирование подвергать (воздействию), подчинять
variable mass	переменная масса

The progress of technology confronts the engineer with a wide variety of problems connected with structural design (buildings, bridges, canals, dams etc.), the design, manufacture and operation of various machines, motors, and means of locomotion, such as automobiles, steam engines, ships, aircraft, rockets and spaceships.

Despite the diversity of problems that arise, their solution, at least in part, is based on certain principles common to all of them, namely, the laws governing the motion and equilibrium of material bodies.

The science which treats of general laws of motion and equilibrium of material bodies and of the resulting mutual interactions is called theoretical or general mechanics.

Theoretical mechanics constitutes one of the scientific bedrocks of modern engineering.

Theoretical mechanics treats of general laws of motion and interaction of material bodies, i.e. laws which can be applied equally, for example, to the earth’s motion around the sun or to the flight of rocket or an artillery projectile. Other branches of mechanics cover a variety of general and specialized engineering disciplines treating of the design and calculation of specific structures, motors and other machines and mechanisms or their parts. All these disciplines are based on the laws and methods of theoretical mechanics.

By motion in mechanics we mean mechanical motion, i.e., any change in the relative positions of material bodies in space which occurs in the course of time.

By mechanical interaction between bodies is meant such reciprocal action which changes or trends to change the state of motion or shape of the bodies involved (deformation). The physical measure of such mechanical interaction is called force.

According to the nature of the problems treated, mechanics is divided into statics, kinematics and dynamics.

Statics studies the forces and the conditions of equilibrium of material bodies subjected to the action of forces.

Kinematics deals with the general geometrical properties of the motion of bodies.

Dynamics studies the laws of motion of material bodies under the action of forces.

According to the nature of objects under study, theoretical mechanics is subdivided into:

(a) mechanics of a particle, i.e., of a body whose dimensions can be neglected in studying its motion or equilibrium, and systems of particles; (b) mechanics of a rigid body, i.e. a body whose deformation can be neglected in studying its motion or equilibrium; (c) mechanics of bodies of variable mass (i.e. bodies whose mass changes with time, due to the change in the number of particles constituting the body); (d) mechanics of deformable bodies (the theory of plasticity and elasticity); (e) mechanics of liquids (fluid mechanics); (f) mechanics of gases (aerodynamics).

The general course of theoretical mechanics conventionally treats of the mechanics of particles and rigid bodies and general laws of motion of particles.

Theoretical mechanics is one of the natural science and is based on laws derived from experience that reflect a specific class of natural phenomena associated with the motion of material bodies.

Comprehension check.

Ex.1. Answer the following questions:

1. What does general mechanics treat of ?

2. What is motion?

3. What is mechanical interaction ?

4. How many parts is mechanics divided into?

5. What does statics study?

6. What does kinematics deal with?

7. What is the subject of dynamics?

Ex.2.Say whether the following statements are True or False.

1. Mechanics is divided into statics and dynamics.

2. Statics deals with the general geometrical properties of the motion of bodies.

3. Mechanics of a particle is the mechanics of a body whose dimensions can be neglected.

4. Mass of a body changes with time due to the change in the number of particles constituting the body.

5. Theoretical mechanics is based on laws derived from experience.

Ex.3. Complete the following sentences with the information from the text.

1. Theoretical or general mechanics treats of…

2. The design and calculation of specific structures are based on…

3. Mechanical motion is…

4. The physical measure of mechanical interaction is…

5. The general course of theoretical mechanics treats of …

Ex. 4. Match the adjectives and nouns they can be used with . Compose 6 own sentences with these expressions.

	Adjective		Noun
1	certain	a	motion
2	general	b	machines
3	mechanical	c	position
4	mutual	d	principle
5	natural	e	mass
6	reciprocal	f	science
7	relative	g	body
8	rigid	h	action
9	variable	i	interactions
10	various	j	variety
11	wide	k	laws

Ex. 5. Translate the following expressions into English.

Подразумевать механическое движение; относительное положение материальных тел в пространстве; стремиться изменить состояние движения; рассматривать что-либо; не принимать во внимание размеры материального тела; пренебрегать деформацией тела; естественная наука; общие законы движения и взаимодействия материальных тел; широкое разнообразие проблем; несмотря на разнообразие задач; законы, управляющие движением и равновесием материальных тел.

Ex. 6. Use the correct prepositions in the following phrases:

1. confront the engineer ….. problems

2. the solution, at least …part

3. laws derived … experience

4. the earth’s motion … the sun

5. phenomena associated…the motion

6. objects….study

7. mass changes …..time

8. mechanics treats …the general laws

9. be based … laws

10. according … the nature of objects

Unit 2.