4. Give all the types of frameworks by different criterion in the chart.

Frame

NUMBER OF SPANS

Frameworks

LOCATION OF COLUMNS

MATERIAL

Monolithic

Answer the questions.

1. W hat is the function of a framework?

2. Does a framework carry loads of different types to a roof?

3. What is a span?

4. What is a step?

5. Which loads do frames and diaphragms take?

6. What is the type of a framework when the columns are erected only inside?

7. What buildings usually have multi-span frameworks?

8. Where are prefabricated structures used?

9. What are the disadvantages of steel frameworks?

10. What are the advantages of wooden frameworks?

11. What are the types of links used in frameworks?

12. What should be taken into account in the choice of a framework?

5. Сan you translate the sentences without a dictionary?

1. В этом проекте используется каркас смешенного типа.

2. Существуют одноэтажные и многоэтажные, а также однопролетные и многопролетные каркасы.

3. Вы возводите здание с частично несущим каркасом? Сколько колонн вы планируете возвести внутри (этого здания)?

4. Железобетон широко используется при строительстве каркасов.

5. Для возведения различных архитектурных форм используют монолитные структуры.

6. Изготавливаем деревянные каркасы для дачных домиков, металлические каркасы для теплиц (из рекламы).

7. Деревянные каркасы имеют низкую пожаро- и влагостойкость.

6. Discuss in pairs what kind of a framework (by the structure, material, by the kind of production and so on) possible to apply for:

1.A multi-storeyed dwelling 2. A country house

3. A sport stadium 4. A vegetable pavilion

5. A bakery text 2 unusual frameworks and architecture

Modern architects often try to address unusual architectural forms and to diversify the dull urban landscape with skyscrapers and block of flats. The Pompidou Centre is one of such unique projects. It has become the most controversial building in Paris - people either love it or hate it. Its critics wonder if such modern architecture should be among the stone walls of such an old historical neighbourhood. And yet the building of the Centre has brought the Beaubourg district back to life.

T he centre isn't only a closed museum which has paintings by important 20th century artists, but an open, living structure. All the parts which are usually hidden inside a building are exposed on the outside. All the services are colour-coded and this makes people want to understand the building's metabolism - how it works. The main structural skeleton is white, and all the other colours show important services, which keep the building alive. Red is for vertical transportation such as lifts and escalators, green for water, blue for air-conditioning and yellow for electricity. It is like a human body with all its organs and systems outside, including the skeleton. Each level is a bridge supported by columns and balanced by a system of flexible arms. The floors inside are based on the same system, and this allows them to be lifted or lowered. The centre has been built so that it can be changed completely inside: the size of its rooms, its walls and floor heights.

One of the unique features of the Piano-Rogers design is the enormous open carnival square in front of the building, as large as the space occupied by the building itself. The plaza is everyone's stage: you may see a single acrobat or a fire-eater, a lonely musician or a full orchestra. The escalator is outside the main structure and inside a transparent tube. It takes visitors to every floor, but they can see everything that is happening below, in the public square and nearby. At the top there is a view of Paris and you can see Notre-Dame, the Eiffel Tower and the Sacre-Coeur. Another challenging project is Dynamic Tower in Dubai. It is a unique 80-storey building, the first building which is able to change its configuration. Each storey of the building can move and even rotate relative to the ground and other storeys. The innovation 420 meters building can rotate by 360 degrees around one massive column with the help of 79 wind turbines located on each floor.

I t is 420 meters (1,380 feet) tall, Apartments range in size from 124 square meters (1,330 square feet), to Villas of 1,200 square meters (12,900 square feet) complete with a parking space inside the apartment. The first 20 floors are offices, floors 21 to 35 is a luxury hotel, floor 36 through 70 are residential apartments, and the top 10 floors are luxury villas located in a prime location in Dubai, it was destined to become the most prestigious building in the city.  The Dynamic Tower in Dubai is the first skyscraper that was entirely constructed in a factory from prefabricated parts, it required only 600 people in the assembly facility and 80 technicians on the construction site instead of 2,000 workers on a similar size traditional construction site.