New words and expressions:

wheel – колесо

mankind – людство

greatest inventions – найвизначніший винахід

crude farming – відстале фермерство

trace of wheel – слід колеса

the stone age – кам’яний вік

solid discs – цільні диски (тверді диски)

hole – отвір (дира)

somewhat lighter – дещо легші

spoke – спиця

covered with iron (rubber) – покритий залізом

to have the privilege of smth. – мати перевагу

a two-cylinder steam engine – двоциліндровий паровий двигун

railways – залізниця

steam locomotive – паровий двигун локомотива

to submit projects – представити проект

serf – кріпак

a boiler – котел

a smoke stack – димова труба

a platform for the driver – платформа для водія

Exercise 2 Answer the questions:

What was one of mankind’s earliest and greatest inventions?

Is there any trace of the wheel during the stone age?

At first all wheels were solid discs, weren’t they?

What kind of carriages were used in the ancient world

Where was the first steam carriage invented?

Did the boiler produce enough steam for keeping the carriage going?

What was the name of British enthusiast and brilliant engineer related with the rapid spread of railways?

Who was the creator of the first Russian locomotive?

Exercise 3Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1) invention of the wheel 2) trace of the wheel 3) solid discs 4) covered with iron 5) the ancient world 6) a four wheeled vehicle 7) a two-cylinder steam engine 8) further development 9) the rapid spread of railways 10) to submit projects 11) skilful mechanics 12) a boiler

котел вкритий залізом двоциліндровий паровий двигун винайдення колеса стародавній світ подальший розвиток кваліфіковані механіки цільні диски запропонувати (розробити) проект чотирьохколісний транспортний засіб сліди від колес швидке впровадження залізниць

Exercise 4 Complete the following sentences.

The first steam carriage was invented in …

At first all wheels were…

The rapid spread of railways in the United Kingdom was due largely to…

In Russia the tsar’s government showed little interest in…

Nobody knows when the wheel …

Light two-wheeled carriages were used widely in …

Exercise 5 Read the text again and write a summary. Retell the text.

Exercise 6 Rewrite the sentences into Indirect Speech and translate them. Use the transitive tables below.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
V -ed/3rd form	had + V-ed/3rd form (Past Participle)
h as/have	had
d id	had + V-ed/3rd form (Past Participle)
a m/is/are	was/were
w ill	would
w as/were V-ing	had been V-ing
V -s (Present Simple)	V-ed/2nd form (Past Simple)
c an	could
m ay	might
m ust	had to/must

n ow	then
a t the moment	at that moment
t oday	yesterday
l ast week/month/year	the week/month/year before
t his/these	that/those
t omorrow	the next day, the following day
n ext day, year, month	the next week, year, month
h ere	there

1. The first Russian locomotive was invented and built by the Cherepanovs. He said that…

2. The first Russian locomotive was, of course, a "baby" compared with the locomotives of today. It was said, that…

3. The first steam carriage was invented in France. I said that…

4. The steam engine appeared in 1763. It was said in the text, that…

5. At first only kings and queens had the privilege of driving in a four-wheeled vehicle. She said that …

6. Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. He asked if anybody …

7. In Russia the tsar’s government showed little interest in railway transportation. The engineer asked the tsar’s government whether …

8. Here, in the United Kingdom, Stephenson was operating a railway between Stockton and Darlington. It was said in the text, that…

Lesson 9 On two wheels

In busy cities, bicycles and motorcycles are useful.

They are narrow so they can go past cars and buses in traffic jams. Can you ride a bicycle?

Read the words. Copy them into your notebook. Memorize them. Прочитайте, запишіть слова у конспект і запам’ятайте їх.